Table 1.

Substances that affect the production of NETs.

Correlates		Effect	References
PAD4		Mediates histone citrullination, be involved in NF-κB activation and IL-1β release, PAD4 inhibitors reduce the formation of NETs, and PAD4 enzymes promote the production of NETs.	[35,36,79,80,82]
ROS		Participates in classic NETosis, and triggers the separation, release, and migration of NE and MPO to the neutrophil nucleus.	[9,77,84]
Platelets		Activate neutrophils via TLR4 to release NETs.	[29,31]
Signaling pathways	Raf-MEK-ERK pathway	Activates NADPH oxidase and upregulates anti-apoptotic proteins, promoting the formation of NETs.	[30]
	Lipoxin pathway	Regulates the calcium flux of neutrophils, participates in citrullination and ROS production, and regulates neutrophil apoptosis and promotes NET formation.	[20]
	NF-κB/CXCR1 pathway	Activation promotes the formation of NETs.	[85]
Cytokines and others	IL-8	Triggers the cleavage of gasdermin D by serine proteases, leading to pore formation and NET formation, the content was correlated with the concentration of NETs in BALF.	[82,91]
	Gasdermin D (GSDMD)	Forms pores in the granular and plasma membranes, allowing NE to enter the cytoplasm and NETs to be released outside the neutrophils.	[90]
	IL17A	Induces NET production through STAT3 activation with other cofactors.	[92]
	Integrins and G-protein coupled receptors	Necessary for NET formation during the VILI process.	[31]
	CCL5/CXCL4 heterodimers	Blocking inhibits the formation of NETs.	[31]
	Complement	Inhibition of activation reduces the release of NETs.	[93]
	miR144, miR155	Promotes NET formation.	[81,85]
	PD-L1	Inhibits autophagy of neutrophils and maintain the release of NETs through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.	[94]
	Interferon inducer poly I:C	Induces the formation of NETs via activation of P38 MAPK and decreased expression of the tight-linking protein claudin-5.	[95]