Table 1.
Summary of pharmacological interventions on stress-induced nicotine relapse.
| Target | Intervention | Stress Type | Nicotine Relapse-like Behavior | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α3β4 nAChR | Partial agonist AT-1001 (s.c.) | Yohimbine | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | Reduced | [54] |
| α2-AR | Agonist clonidine (s.c.) | Footshock | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | Reduced | [43] |
| Agonists clonidine and dexmedetomidine (intra-CeA) | Reduced | [42] | |||
| β1/β2-AR | Antagonist propranolol (intra-CeA) | Footshock | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | No effect | [42] |
| α1-AR | Antagonist prazosin (intra-CeA) | Footshock | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | No effect | [42] |
| CB1R | Neutral antagonist AM4113 (i.p.) | Yohimbine | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | Reduced | [55] |
| CRFR | CRF1/2R antagonist D-Phe CRF(12–41) (i.c.v.) | Footshock | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | Reduced | [43] |
| CRF1R antagonist antalarmin (s.c.) | Reduced | [56] | |||
| CRF1R antagonist R2789/CRA0450 (i.c.v.) | Reduced | [57] | |||
| CRF2R antagonist Astressin 2B (i.c.v.) | No effect | [57] | |||
| KOR | Antagonist nor-BNI (s.c.) | Forced swimming | Reinstatement of nicotine CPP | Reduced | [58] |
| Nor-BNI (i.p.) | Footshock and yohimbine | Reduced | [33] | ||
| Nor-BNI (intra-BLA) | Yohimbine | Reduced | [33] | ||
| Nor-BNI (i.p.) | Yohimbine | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | Reduced | [59] | |
| KOR agonist U50,488 (i.p.) | NA | Induced | [59] | ||
| OX1R | Antagonist SB334867 (i.p.) | Footshock | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | No effect | [56] |
| Orexin A peptide (i.c.v.) | NA | Induced | [56] | ||
| MC4R | Antagonists HS014 and HS024 (i.c.v.) | Footshock | Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking | Reduced | [30] |
| NA | Oxytocin (intranasal) | Psychosocial stress | Nicotine craving (human) | No effect | [60] |
| NA | Insulin (Intranasal) | Psychosocial stress | Nicotine cravings (human) |
Reduced | [61] |
| NA | Bupropion | Psychosocial and physical stress | Nicotine cravings (human) |
Reduced | [62] |
Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking was assessed in the nicotine self-administration model in this table. Abbreviations: AR: adrenergic receptor; CB1R: cannabinoid 1 receptor; TAAR1: trace amine-associated receptor 1; CRFR: corticotropin-releasing factor receptor; KOR: kappa opioid receptor; MC4R: melanocortin-4 receptor; NA: not appreciated; nAChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; nor-BNI: norbinaltorphimine; OX1R: orexin-1 receptor. Except for those clearly stated, findings on the nicotine-relapse-like behaviors were from animal studies in the table.