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. 2024 Jan 26;25(3):1525. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031525

Table 5.

The influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on properties of selected polymer-based biomaterials for applications in cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering.

Biomaterial Platelet-Rich Plasma Application Form Main Advantages Ref.
Alginate-based
hydrogel

  • PRP 1 functionalized onto biomaterial by using carbodiimide chemistry

  • PRP 1 encapsulated into biomaterial

  • PRP 1-functionalized alginate hydrogels released a higher cumulative amount of PRP 1 compared to PRP 1-encapsulated alginate hydrogels

  • Human NPCs 2 loaded into PRP 1-functionalized alginate hydrogels produced significantly higher amounts of S-GAGs 3 in vitro compared to cells incorporated into PRP 1-encapsulated alginate hydrogels and plain alginate hydrogels

 [113]
Alginate-based hydrogel

  • PRP 1 encapsulated into biomaterial

  • The addition of PRP to alginate-based hydrogels increased the surface roughness, degradation ability and also their mechanical properties

  • Cell culture experiments in vitro demonstrated that alginate-PRP hydrogels possessed higher cytocompatibility when compared to biomaterials composed only of alginate

 [103]
Alginate-based
hydrogel enriched with silk fibroin nanofibers

  • PRP 1 loaded into core-shell silk fibroin nanofibers by using coaxial electrospinning

  • The alginate–silk fibroin–PRP biomaterial possessed significantly higher mechanical and swelling properties compared to the alginate hydrogel

  • The alginate–silk fibroin–PRP biomaterial enabled the sustainable release of growth factors for up to 40 days

  • The alginate–silk fibroin–PRP biomaterial promoted the expression of cartilage-related genes in rat NPCs 2 in vitro to a greater extent than both the alginate–silk fibroin biomaterial and alginate hydrogel

  • After 8 weeks, the alginate silk-fibroin-PRP biomaterial enabled the regeneration of NP 4 in the rat IVDD 5 model

 [166]
Chitosan-based
biomaterial

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during implantation

  • The biomaterial supported the regeneration of chronic cartilage defects in rabbits

 [104]
Chitosan/hydroxyapatite biomaterial

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during implantation

  • The biomaterial promoted the regeneration of cartilage and bone in rabbits

 [167]
Chitosan/chondroitin sulfate/silk fibroin (PEC/SF) scaffold
covered by alginate gel (SA)

  • PRP 1 encapsulated into SA

  • The surface of the PEC/SF/SA/PRP biomaterial possessed better mechanical properties compared to both the PEC/SF and PEC/SF/SA biomaterials

  • The PEC/SF/SA/PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the viability and proliferation of rabbit chondrocytes in vitro compared to both the PEC/SF and PEC/SF/SA biomaterials

  • The PEC/SF/SA/PRP biomaterial significantly enhanced the production of collagen II and aggrecan by rabbit chondrocytes in vitro compared to both the PEC/SF and PEC/SF/SA biomaterials

  • The PEC/SF/SA/PRP biomaterial entrapped with cells enabled the proper regeneration of full-thickness cartilage defects in rats after 32 weeks of implantation

 [168]
Chitosan (CH)/silk
fibroin (SF)/nanohydroxyapatite
biomaterial (nHAp)

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial in combination with lentivirus-mediated BMP-2 6-modified BMSCs 7 (Lv-BMP-2-BMSCs+PRP)

  • The CH/SF/nHA biomaterial in combination with Lv-BMP-2-BMSCs+PRP enabled the normal healing of osteochondral defects in rabbits after 16 weeks of implantation

 [169]
Chitosan (CH)/
hyaluronic acid (HA)/chondroitin
sulfate (CS) hydrogel

  • PRP 1 added to CH solution

  • The CH/HA/CS/PRP hydrogel possessed a higher ability to absorb liquid compared to the control hydrogel (CH/HA/CS)

  • The CH/HA/CS/PRP hydrogel significantly supported the chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs 8 in vitro compared to the CH/HA/CS biomaterial

 [170]
Chitosan (CH)/
hyaluronic acid (HA) microparticles

  • PRP 1 added to CH/HA microparticles

  • The CH/HA/PRP microparticles enabled the controlled release of growth factors up to 70 h

  • The CH/HA/PRP microparticles supported the proliferation of human ADSCs 8 in vitro

 [171]
Chitosan (CH)/black phosphorus nanosheet (BPNs) injectable
hydrogel

  • Lyophilized PRP 1 powder added to CH/BPNs hydrogel

  • After near-infrared irradiation, the CH/BPNs/PRP hydrogel exhibited a satisfactory photothermal conversion efficiency

  • The CH/BPNs/PRP hydrogel was nontoxic in vivo and reduced the edema degree in collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) mouse models

 [172]
Injectable hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during implantation

  • After 6 months of implantation in minipigs, the formation of a smooth cartilage surface, good integration with adjacent cartilage and subchondral bone improved the mechanical properties and, most importantly, the formation of vitreous cartilage occurred

 [173]
Fibrin gel

  • PRP 1 injected directly into the osteochondral defect and covered by fibrin gel

  • The knee pain VAS 9 score, WOMAC 10 osteoarthritis index and cartilage defect significantly decreased in orthopedic patients after treatment with PRP combined with fibrin gel

 [174]
Silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin methacrylate hydrogel (GelMA)

  • PRP 1 encapsulated into SF/GelMA hydrogel

  • SF/GelMA hydrogel + PRP + human BMSCs 7 promoted cartilage regeneration in rats more potently than the SF/GelMA hydrogel (control) and SF/GelMA hydrogel + PRP

  • After 8 weeks, SF/GelMA hydrogel + PRP + human BMSCs 7 enabled complete cartilage reconstruction in knee osteoarthritis rat models

 [175]
3D-printed scaffolds composed of silk fibroin (SF)

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during the fabrication process

  • This biomaterial significantly promoted the viability and proliferation of rat chondrocytes as well as enhanced the expression of cartilage-related genes (COL2A1 and ACAN) in these cells

 [72]
Double-layered methacrylate silk fibroin hydrogel (SilMA) in combination with and/or berberine (B) and/or kartogenin (K)

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during the fabrication process

  • The SilMA-based hydrogels were enriched; namely, SilMA+P, SilMA+B+P and SilMA+K-P exhibited the highest metabolic activity. The biomaterials also promoted the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs 7.

  • SilMA+B+K+P promoted the formation of hyaline cartilage tissue more potently than other biomaterials. The SilMA+B+K+P hydrogel showed the greatest regeneration of cartilage and underlying subchondral bone with high biocompatibility at 8 weeks after implantation.

 [71]
Gelatin (GLT)/
hyaluronic acid (HA)/fucoidan (FD)
injectable hydrogels crosslinked by genipin (GP)

  • Lyophilized PRP 1 powder added to GP-GLT/HA/FD hydrogels

  • An intra-articular injection of PRP-loaded GP-GLT/HA/FD hydrogel promoted the regeneration of cartilage in rabbits with induced osteoarthritis (OA)

 [176]
Gradual 3D-printed biomaterial based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)

  • PRP 1 added during the fabrication process

  • The biomaterial promoted an increase in GAG 3 and calcium levels, as well as supported mineralization and ECM production by rat ADSCs 8. An RT-qPCR analysis showed that rat ADSCs 8 possessed the ability to express specific genes for bone (COL1A1, OC and OPN) and cartilage (ACAN, COL2A1 and SOX-9) within 28 days of culture

 [177]
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)/
kartogenin (KGN)/gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) injectable hydrogel

  • PRP 1 loaded into GelMA

  • The PLGA/KGN/GelMA/PRP hydrogel enabled the controllable release of growth factors

  • The PLGA/KGN/GelMA/PRP hydrogel supported the proliferation of rat ADSCs 8

  • The PLGA/KGN/GelMA/PRP hydrogel with settled ADSCs 8 decreased degeneration in a rat IVDD 5 model

 [178]
Vinyl sulfone bearing poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide
lactate)-polyethylene glycol (p(HPMAm-lac)-PEG)/hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel

  • PRP 1 added to vinyl sylfone

  • Cross-linked vinyl sulfone bearing PEG-p(HPMA-lac/HA/PRP) hydrogel enabled the controllable release of growth factors, without unfavorable burn release

  • Cross-linked vinyl sulfone bearing PEG-p(HPMA-lac/HA/PRP hydrogel enhanced tissue adhesiveness

 [76]
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel

  • PRP 1 added to PEG

  • Unlike bolus PRP, the PRP released from the PEG-based biomaterial showed a greater effect on chondrocyte proliferation, as well as the decreased synthesis of nitric oxide and suppressed expression of genes responsible for matrix degradation, such as matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)

 [179]

1 PRP—platelet-rich plasma; 2 NPCs—nucleus pulposus cells; 3 S-GAGs—sulfated glycosaminoglycans; 4 NP—nucleus pulposus; 5 IVDD—intravertebral disc degeneration; 6 BMP-2—Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2; 7 BMSCs—bone-marrow-derived stem cells; 8 ADSCs—adipose-derived stem cells; 9 The knee pain VAS—The knee pain visual analog scale; 10 WOMAC osteoarthritis index—the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index.