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. 2024 Jan 26;25(3):1525. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031525

Table 8.

The influence of platelet-rich plasma on properties of selected polymer-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biomaterial Platelet-Rich Plasma Application Form Main Advantages Ref.
Chitosan (CH)/gelatin (Gel)/nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp)/fibrin glue (FG)

  • PRP 1 added to FG

  • The CH/Gel/nHAp/FG-PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the viability of human DPSCs 2 when compared to the CH/Gel/nHAp scaffold in vitro

  • The CH/Gel/nHAp/FG-PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs 2 when compared to the CH/Gel/nHAp scaffold in vitro

 [191]
Chitosan (CH)/collagen (Col)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanofibers

  • PRP 1 added to CH/Col/HAp biomaterial

  • The CH/Col/HAp/PRP biomaterial significantly enhanced the osteoblast viability when compared to the CH/Col/HAp scaffold in vitro

  • The CH/Col/HAp/PRP biomaterial promoted the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts when compared to the CH/Col/HAp scaffold in vitro

  • Preliminary in vivo studies on rats demonstrated that the CH/Col/HAp/PRP biomaterial had the potential for shoulder joint repair

 [192]
Chitosan (CH)/collagen (Col)/gelatin (Gel)/
nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) scaffold

  • PRP 1 dropped onto CH/Col/Gel/nHAp scaffold for in vivo testing

  • During the first 5 days of the in vitro experiment, the CH/Col/Gel/nHAp/PRP biomaterial promoted the proliferation of mouse preosteoblasts and human osteoblast-like cells compared to the CH/Col/Gel/nHAp scaffold

  • The CH/Col/Gel/nHAp/PRP scaffold supported the osteogenic differentiation of mouse preosteoblasts in vitro

  • CH/Col/Gel/nHAp/PRP + BMP-2 3+zoledronic acid significantly accelerated the regeneration of the critical defect in the tibia of rats in vivo

 [197]
Magnesium-doped nanohydroxyapatite/collagen (MHA/Coll) scaffold

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during implantation

  • Both the MHA/Coll biomaterial (group 1) and MHA/Coll biomaterial + PRP (group 2) enabled proper bone regeneration; however, the best effects were achieved by group 2. Indeed, the bone density, amount of novel bone and expression of bone-related genes were significantly higher in group 2 when compared to group 1.

 [198]
Gelatin sponge—GS (MHC-3, Kuaikang, Guangzhou, China)

  • PRP 1 added to biomaterial during implantation

  • The proliferation of rabbit BMSCs 5 cultured on the GS-PRP scaffold was significantly higher when compared to both cells cultured on the GS biomaterial as well as to cells maintained in the presence of PRP

  • The GS scaffold+ PRP significantly promoted the expression of osteogenic genes (ALPL, Runx2, COL1A1 and OCN) in rabbit BMSCs 5 when compared to the GS blank scaffold

  • The GS scaffold+ PRP had the ability to release PRP in a controlled manner, which contributes to its longer bioactivity. In addition, a more robust tendon–bone junction in rabbits was formed in the GS-PRP group compared to the other groups. These results were also confirmed by higher histologic scores obtained in the GS-PRP biomaterial group.

 [199]
Silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (Gel)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)
3D-printed scaffold

  • SF/Gel/HA/β-TCP biomaterial soaked in PRP 1

  • The SF/Gel/HA/β-TCP/PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the proliferation of human ADSCs 4 in vitro when compared to the SF/Gel/HA/β-TCP scaffold

  • The SF/Gel/HA/β-TCP/PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the expression of late osteogenic genes in human ADSCs 4 in vitro when compared to the SF/Gel/HA/β-TCP scaffold

 [193]
Polylactic acid (PLA)/gelatin (Gel)/
nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) 3D-printed scaffold

  • PLA/Gel/nHAp scaffold immersed in PRP 1

  • The PLA/Gel/nHAp/PRP scaffold significantly enhanced the proliferation of mouse preosteoblasts in vitro when compared to both the PLA and PLA/Gel/nHAp biomaterials

  • The PLA/Gel/nHAp/PRP scaffold significantly enhanced the matrix mineralization and calcium deposition by mouse preosteoblasts in vitro when compared to both the PLA and PLA/Gel/nHAp biomaterials

  • The PLA/Gel/nHAp/PRP scaffold significantly promoted the regeneration of bone defects in rats in vivo when compared to both the PLA and PLA/Gel/nHAp biomaterials

 [74]
Polylactic acid granules (PLA)/BMP-2 3
polyplexes

  • PRP 1 mixed with PLA granules/BMP-2 polyplexes in order to obtain fibrin hydrogel

  • The PLA/BMP-2/PRP hydrogel significantly promoted the viability of rat ADSCs 4 in vitro when compared to PLA granules

  • The PLA/BMP-2/PRP hydrogel significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rat ADSCs 4 in vitro when compared to PLA/BMP-2

  • The PLA/BMP-2/PRP hydrogel significantly promoted the bone regeneration of critical-sized calvarial defect in rats when compared to PLA/BMP-2

 [200]
Electrospun PCL scaffold

  • PRP 1 added after the fabrication process (details were not provided)

  • Electrospun PCL + AF-MSCs 6 and PRP significantly enhanced the deposition of type I collagen and the formation of blood vessels in rats with defects in the cranial bone

 [105]
Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/
gelatin (Gel) 3D-printed scaffold

  • PRP 1 loaded into gelatin microspheres

  • The PCL/β-TCP/Gel/PRP biomaterial released growth factors up to 19 days

  • The PCL/β-TCP/Gel/PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the viability, adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic as well as angiogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs 5 in vitro when compared to the PCL/β-TCP/Gel scaffold

  • The PCL/β-TCP/Gel/PRP biomaterial significantly enhanced the regeneration of large bone defects in rats in vivo when compared to the PCL/β-TCP/Gel scaffold

 [106]
Polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CH)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) electrospun
scaffold

  • PRP 1 added to CH solution

  • The PVA/CH/HAp/PRP biomaterial significantly promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human ADSCs 4 in vitro when compared to the PVA/CH/HAp scaffold

  • Both the PVA/CH/HAp/PRP biomaterial and PVA/CH/HAp/PRP + hADSCs construct accelerated bone regeneration in critical-sized rat calvarial defect models in vivo

 [201]
Poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA)/Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/silk fibroin (SF) electrospun
scaffold

  • PRP 1 blended with PVA solution

  • The PVA/PCL/SF/PRP biomaterial significantly supported the migration, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse BMSCs 5 in vitro when compared to the PVA/PCL/SF biomaterial

  • The PVA/PCL/SF/PRP biomaterial significantly promoted bone regeneration in critical-sized mouse calvarial defect models in vivo when compared to the PVA/PCL/SF biomaterial

 [202]
Biomaterial composed poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)

  • PRP 1 loaded after the fabrication process (details were not provided)

  • The PCL/β-TCP scaffold enriched with hUCMSCs 7 and PRP, due to the best therapeutic effect, could be used as a scaffold for the reconstruction of bone defects surrounding dental implants (a study on miniature pigs with created mandibular bone defects)

  • The PCL/β-TCP/PRP/hUCMSCs construct may be used during simultaneous sinus augmentation and dental implantation

 [203,204]
Eletrospun poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) and polyether sulfone (PES) scaffold

  • PRP 1 added after fabrication process—incubation for 24 h at 4 °C

  • The PRP-coated PVA/PES scaffold significantly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human ADSCs 4 in vitro

 [205,206]

1 PRP—platelet-rich plasma; 2 DPSCs—dental pulp stem cells; 3 BMP-2—Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2; 4 ADSCs—adipose-derived stem cells; 5 BMSCs—bone-marrow-derived stem cells; 6 AF-MSCs—amniotic-fluid-derived stem cells; 7 hUCMSCs—human-umbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells.