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. 2024 Jan 26;25(3):1525. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031525

Table 9.

The influence of platelet lysate (PL), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) or concentrated growth factors (CGFs) on properties of selected polymer-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biomaterial Platelet Lysate/Platelet-Rich Fibrin Application Form Main Advantages Ref.
Mineralized collagen-based biomaterial

  • PL 1 added after fabrication process—incubation for 24 h at 37 °C

  • The collagen/PL scaffold possessed chemoattractive properties as supernatants from the biomaterial and increased the migration of human BMSCs 2

 [115]
3D-printed biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold (BCP)

  • PL 1 loaded with GelMA and then with BCP

  • The PL/GelMA/BCP scaffold promoted the adhesion and proliferation of HUVECs 3

  • The PL/GelMA/BCP scaffold promoted capillary formation after implantation subcutaneously on the back of the rats

 [210]
3D-printed poly (L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) scaffolds (PLATMC)

  • PL 1 added to biomaterial during the fabrication process

  • The biomaterial did not exhibit an inflammatory response after implantation in mice

  • The biomaterial supported bone mineralization

 [211]
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC)–chitosan scaffold

  • PL 1 added during the fabrication process

  • The CPC/chitosan/PL scaffold promoted the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs 4 in vitro

 [212]
Electrospun gelatin/poly-ε-caprolactone/poly(L-lactic acid) scaffold(Gel/PCL/PLLA)

  • PL 1 added during the fabrication process

  • The Gel/PCL/PLLA scaffold continuously released GFs for up to 40 days

  • The Gel/PCL/PLLA scaffold promoted the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse osteoblasts in vitro

  • The Gel/PCL/PLLA scaffold enhanced the bone regeneration of skull defects in rats

 [213]
3D gelatin scaffolds

  • PL 1 added to culture medium

  • The biomaterial promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hAF-MSCs 5 in vitro

 [214]
Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/chitosan (CH) core-shell nanofibrous scaffold

  • Homogenized PRF 6 mixed with CH

  • The PCL/CH/PRF scaffold exhibited a higher elastic modulus and specific surface area when compared to the PCL-CH biomaterial

  • The PCL/CH/PRF scaffold enabled the slow and prolonged release of PRF

  • The PCL/CH/PRF scaffold significantly enhanced the adhesion, viability and proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro when compared to PCL/CH biomaterial

  • The PCL/CH/PRF scaffold significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of human ADSCs 4 in vitro when compared to the PCL/CH biomaterial

 [215]
3D-printed PCL scaffold

  • PRF 6 added after fabrication process—biomaterial was placed in blood and subjected to centrifugation

  • The PCL scaffold + PRF enhanced the volume and mineralization of the new bone in rats with critical-sized calvarial defects

 [216]
3D-printed scaffold composed of PVA and nanobiphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)

  • PRF 6 added directly to biomaterial after fabrication process

  • Cell culture experiments in vitro showed that the PVA/BCP/PRF biomaterial meaningly enhanced the proliferation of rabbit BMSCs and significantly promoted the expression of osteogenic genes in these cells when compared to the PVA/BCP biomaterial

  • An in vivo study using a critical-sized segmental bone defect model in rabbits showed that PVA/BCP/PRF possessed a considerably higher ability to accelerate bone regeneration when compared to the PVA/BCP scaffold

 [217]
Freeze-dried silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite scaffold (SF/CS/nHA)

  • CGF 7 added directly after the fabrication process

  • The SF/CS/nHA/CGF scaffold enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs 2

  • The SF/CS/nHA/CGF scaffold promoted bone regeneration in a rabbit radius critical bone defect model

 [218]

1 PL—platelet lysate; 2 BMSCs—bone-marrow-derived stem cells; 3 HUVECs—human umbilical vein endothelial cells; 4 hPDLSCs—human periodontal ligament stem cells; 5 hAF-MSCs—human amniotic-fluid-derived mesencymal stem cells; 6 PRF—platelet-rich fibrin; 7 CGF—concentrated growth factors.