Table 2.
ECG algorithms for localization of accessory pathways.
| ECG Algorithms | Statistiical Analysis | PRO | CONS | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Analysis | Pediatric Analysis | ||||||||||||
| No Patients | Mean Age | CA | Specificity | Sensitivity | PPV | NPV | Accuracy | No Patients | Mean Age | Accuracy | |||
| Boersma (2002) [53] | NA | 173 | 13 y | 0.63 | uses the surface ECG | modest accuracy | |||||||
| designed for children | reasonable sensitivity and specificity for only five AP-sites | ||||||||||||
| LI (2019) [54] | NA | 104 | 13.6 ± 3.4 y | 0.92 | uses the surface ECG | only retrospective analysis | |||||||
| easy to use | could not absolutely differentiate septal wall from free wall AP | ||||||||||||
| high-risk regions can be identified with high accuracy | |||||||||||||
| Min Baek (2020) [55] | NA | 262.00 | 11.7 y | 0.82 | superior to other algorithms | less accuracy in younger patients | |||||||
| easy to use—2 steps | focused on septal pathways | ||||||||||||
| uses the surface ECG | requires validation in adult patients | ||||||||||||
| Milstein (1987) [56] | 141 | 34 ± 21 y | LL | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.94 | NA | 0.90 | NA | uses the surface ECG | based only on four locations of AP | ||
| PS | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.90 | NA | simple to apply | no data about pediatric population | |||||||
| AS | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.97 | NA | only retrospective analysis | ||||||||
| RL | 0.98 | 0.75 | 0.62 | NA | |||||||||
| Fitzpatrick (1994) [57] | 141 | 34 ± 21 y | L | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.68 | NA | uses the surface ECG | no data about pediatric population | ||
| R | 0.97 | 1.10 | 0.98 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| St George (1994) [40] | 369 | 48 ± 10 y | all | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.93 | NA | uses the surface ECG | no data about pediatric population | ||
| prospective validation | limited data on multiple APs | ||||||||||||
| easy to use—requires only 4 steps | lower accuracy in predicting right sided APs | ||||||||||||
| Chiang (1995) [58] | 369 | 48 ± 10 y | all | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.93 | NA | uses the surface ECG | no data about pediatric population | ||
| prospective validation | limited data on multiple APs | ||||||||||||
| easy to use—requires only 4 steps | lower accuracy in predicting right sided APs | ||||||||||||
| d’Avila (1995) [59] | 140 | NA | LL | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | NA | 0.57 | 64 | 15 y | 0.58 | uses the surface ECG | only retrospective analysis |
| LP | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.77 | high accuracy in pediatric population | limited data on multiple APs | ||||||||
| LPS | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.90 | can be used in computerized systems | |||||||||
| PS | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| RPS | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
| RL | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
| AS | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| MD | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
| Iturralde (1996) [60] | 102 | 32 ± 12 y | LPL | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.88 | NA | uses the surface ECG | no data about pediatric population | ||
| RI | 1.00 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.95 | fast to use | limited data on multiple APs | |||||||
| LI | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 0.96 | accurate | ||||||||
| RA | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| RAS | 0.96 | 0.83 | 0.55 | 0.99 | |||||||||
| Arruda (1998) [43] | 256 | 32 y | all | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.80 | NA | uses the surface ECG | no data about pediatric population | ||
| accurate in predicting ablation at sites near the AV node and His bundle | time consuming | ||||||||||||
| uses the initial forces of preexcitation (initial 20 msec) | limited data on multiple APs | ||||||||||||
| may aid selection of patients in whom coronary sinus angiography should be performed | |||||||||||||
| Taguchi (2014) [61] | 144 | NA | all | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.98 | NA | NA | simple flowchart | no data about pediatric population | ||
| prospective validation | small prospective assessment | ||||||||||||
| uses the surface ECG | |||||||||||||
| Pambrun (2018) [42] | 207 | NA | RA | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.9 | NA | accurate and reproductible | time consuming | ||
| RL | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 1.00 | uses maximal preexcitation | requires EPS | |||||||
| RP | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.99 | no data about pediatric population | ||||||||
| PCS | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.97 | |||||||||
| NHS | 0.98 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.99 | |||||||||
| DCS | 0.99 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.99 | |||||||||
| LPS | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.97 | |||||||||
| LPL | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.99 | |||||||||
| LL | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Easy-WPW (2023) [44] | 211 | 32 ± 19 y | all | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 58 | 12 ± 4 y | 0.88 | reliable | limited data on multiple APs |
| uses the surface ECG | |||||||||||||
| fast and easy to apply—only 2 or 3 steps | |||||||||||||
| analysis on pediatric population | |||||||||||||