Table 3.

Summary of invasive monitoring systems and device therapy used in WHF. For these systems, the main trials and their main findings are described.

Device	Trials and Main Findings	Reference
CardioMEMS	CHAMPION trial: Significant reduction in HF hospital admissions in patients with daily PAP monitoring through CardioMEMS was observed.	[67]
	MONITOR-HF trial: CardioMEMS improves the QoL of HF patients with a significant increase in KCCQ-12 score.	[69]
	EMBRACE-HF trial: A prompt reduction in PAP in patients treated with Empagliflozin and monitored with CardioMEMS was observed.	[70]
V-LAP	VECTOR-HF study: A significant correlation was found between the mean LA pressure and mean PCWP.	[71]
CCM	FIX-HF-4 study and FIX-HF-5: CCM is safe and effective in improving exercise tolerance and QoL, while reducing HF hospitalizations.	[81,82]
BAT	BeAT-HF study and HOPE4HF study: BAT therapy significantly improves QoL, exercise capacity and reduced NT-proBNP levels.	[88,89]

HF: heart failure; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; LA: left atrial; KCCQ-12: Kansas City cardiomyopathy questionnaire; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; QoL: quality of life; NT pro BNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; CCM: cardiac contractility modulation; BAT: baroreflex activation therapy.