Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the patients. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. * Non-normally distributed data were normalized using logarithmic transformation and presented as normally distributed log-transformed data. ** Data that failed to show normal distribution even following the log transformation are presented as medians with corresponding interquartile ranges (IQR).
| Characteristics | T1D Group (n = 52) | HD Group (n = 39) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male; n (%) | 26 (50%) | 20 (51.3%) | 0.904 |
| Mean age ± SD (years) | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 13.5 ± 2.4 | 0.628 |
| Tanner scale, n (%) | 0.478 | ||
| 1 | 10 (19.2) | 6 (15.4) | |
| 2 | 7 (13.5) | 7 (17.9) | |
| 3 | 9 (17.3) | 8 (20.5) | |
| 4 | 9 (17.3) | 10 (25.6) | |
| 5 | 17 (32.7) | 7 (17.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.9 ± 3.5 | 19.9 ± 2.4 | 0.214 |
| BMI (percentile) | 63.1 ± 20.6 | 59.7 ± 25.4 | 0.591 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.1 ± 3.0 | ||
| Age at the onset of diabetes (years) | 6.2 ± 3.1 | ||
| CSII; n (%) | 39 (75.0) | ||
| MDI; n (%) | 13 (25.0) | ||
| CSII duration (years) | 7.1 ± 3.0 | ||
| The total daily dose of insulin (U/kg) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | ||
| Mean C-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | ||
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 8.2 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 19 (36.5) | 3 (7.7) | 0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 183.2 ± 37.6 | 156.6 ± 22.5 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) * | 104.4 ± 34.4 | 88.4 ± 16.9 | 0.022 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) * | 61.3 ± 11.5 | 55.3 ± 11.5 | 0.013 |
| TG (mg/dL) * | 87.5 ± 50.3 | 69.8 ± 29.1 | 0.071 |
| Vitamin D (ng/dL) | 19.2 ± 7.0 | 24.5 ± 9.2 | 0.002 |
| CPT mean (µm) | 209.1 ± 25.6 | 209.2 ± 16.5 | 0.998 |
| CSF mean (µm) | 237.7 ± 19.8 | 233.9 ± 19.9 | 0.613 |
| Mean IMT (mm) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.248 |
| Family history | |||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 38 (73.1) | 22 (56.4) | 0.097 |
| Thyroid diseases, n (%) | 29 (55.8) | 24 (61.5) | 0.581 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 18 (35.3) | 20 (51.3) | 0.128 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 21 (40.4) | 17 (43.6) | 0.759 |
| Hypertension n (%) | 27 (51.9) | 18 (46.2) | 0.586 |
| Characteristics |
T1D group (n
= 52) median/IQR |
HD group (n = 39) median/IQR |
p |
| Albuminuria (mg/24 h) ** | 4.1 (17.8) | 6.5 (9.9) | 0.723 |
Abbreviations: CSII—continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, MDI—multiple dose injections, TC—total cholesterol, LDL-C—low lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high—density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG—triglycerides, CPT—central point thickness, CSF—central subfield thickness, IMT—intima-media thickness.