Table 1.
Proteins altered in bdEP may constitute putative biomarker candidates for AD. Protein signal abundance detected in the microarray analysis of bdEP isolated from Controls and AD cases. Their role and alteration pattern in AD brain are summarized.
| Gene Name | UniProt ID | Antibody P-Site | C Mean | AD Mean | %CFC | p-Value | Relevance in AD | Levels in AD Brain | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFN2 | O95140 | Pan | 2410 | 1032 | −57 | 0.009 | MFN2 down-regulation impairs γ-secretase activity and decreases Aβ production; Decreased mRNA and protein levels in the brains of AD patients and AD transgenic mice |
↓ mRNA and protein in humans or mice | [43,44,45,46] |
| ATF2 | P15336 | Pan | 317 | 141 | −56 | 0.020 | MAPK signaling, induced by Aβ, activates ATF2, resulting in an inflammatory response by astrocytes | ↓/↑ In humans |
[47,48,49,50,51,52] |
| NTRK2 | Q16620 | Y706 + Y707 | 1708 | 2247 | 32 | 0.039 | Risk gene in AD: Binds and phosphorylates APP at Y687, retaining APP in TGN, and decreasing Aβ production | ↓ pan in humans and mice | [58,59,60] |
| PRKAA1 | Q13131 | T183 + S184 | 4926 | 6566 | 33 | 0.039 | Tau kinase, co-localized with neurofibrillary tangles | ↑ pan in human | [55,56] |
| TAOK1 * | Q7L7 × 3 | S181 | 262 | 419 | 60 | 0.023 | Tau kinase, active and co-localized with neurofibrillary tangles | ↑ active (S181) human | [53] |
| GRK1 | Q15835 | Pan | 288 | 615 | 114 | 0.017 | Unknown | - | - |
* For TAOK1, distinct phosphorylated residues were found to be either increased or decreased. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; C, Controls; CFC, Percentage of change from Controls; TGN, Trans-Gogi network; ↓ decreased; ↑ increased.