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. 2024 Jan 26;25(3):1553. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031553

Table 2.

Summary of current corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapeutic approaches for nonspecific orbital inflammation.

Drugs Mechanism of Action Posology Side Effects References
Corticosteroids
Prednisone Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated cell signaling
Suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration
Adults: 1 mg/kg
Children: 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg/day
Reported total dose: 60 to 100 mg PO per day for one to two weeks, followed by a 5- to 6-week taper
Insomnia, hyperglycemia, weight gain, cataracts [118,125,126,127]
Immunosuppressive agents
Methotrexate Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Suppression of B- and T-cells
10 to 25 mg divided over 36 to 48 h every 1 to 4 weeks
15 to 25 mg per week for periods of 4 weeks to 36 months
12.50 mg per week with slow tapering
Mouth sores, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite [128,129,130,131]
Cyclosporine-A Suppresses lymphocyte-mediated responses
Inhibits T cell activation
Decreases production of IL-1 and IL-2
Starting dose of 4 mg/kg/day and tapering to 2 mg/kg/day, continued for 18 months High blood pressure, peripheral neuropathy, gingivitis [132,133,134]