Figure 5.

Effects of HAT on cancer cell-induced chemotaxis of HUVECs. (A) Effect of HAT on the cell viability of H1299 human lung cancer cells was assessed via MTT assay. The dotted line indicates a threshold of 90% cell viability. (B) The experimental scheme is shown. (C) The migrated (upper panel) or invaded (lower panel) HUVECs were photographed (×100 magnification; scale bar = 200 μm). (D) Relative migration (left panel) and invasion (right panel) compared to control cells were evaluated by counting the stained cells. (E) The mRNA expression of the indicated genes in H1299 cells was measured via real-time PCR. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control cells. HAT—hexane fraction of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica root extract; HUVEC—human umbilical vein endothelial cell; CM—conditioned medium; TGF-β—transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-α; EGF—epidermal growth factor; CCL2—C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CXCL1—C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1.