Table 2.
Biological activities of commercial and orange peel’s hesperidin, related to UVA and UVB radiation-induced skin damage.
| Hesperidin/ Extract Type |
Hesperidin Levels Tested |
Testing Model |
Main Biological Properties |
Formulation | Potential Applications |
Molecular Pathways/ Other Relevant Properties |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial hesperidin |
0.0125–1 mM | HaCaT cells | ROS scavenging activity increases in a dose-dependent manner; UVB absorption activity; DNA protection against UVB; Optimal hesperidin concentration: 50 μM. |
N/A | Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
Mitochondrial membrane depolarization regulation by apoptotic pathways inhibition; Caspase-3, caspase-9, and BAX downregulation; Upregulated expression of Bcl-2; Prevention of protein oxidation against UVB-induced ROS |
[75] |
| Commercial hesperidin |
10–320 μg/mL | HaCaT cells | Cell viability increases in a concentration-dependent manner; Cell growth enhancement after inhibition by UVA; Enhancement of SOD activity; Reduction in ROS. |
N/A | Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
Reduction in MDA content; Downregulation of TNF-α mRNA/ protein, IL-1β mRNA/protein, and IL-6 mRNA/protein expression; Increase in T-AOC levels; Potential as a sunscreen agent |
[88] |
| Commercial hesperidin |
5–20 μM | HEKs cells HDFs cells |
In vitro inhibition of UVB-induced angiogenesis. |
N/A | Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
Repression of MMP-9, MMP-13, and VEGF expression; Regulation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways |
[89] |
| Hesperidin from Citrus unshiu |
20 µg/mL | HaCaT cells | Regulation of inflammatory response. |
N/A | Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
Downregulation of IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA/protein expression; Inhibition of NF-ƙB/IƙBα signal cascade; Inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation; Inhibition of COX-2 activation |
[90] |
| Commercial hesperidin |
0.3% (w/v) |
In vitro non-cellular assays |
Inhibition of short-life radicals; Inhibition of ABTS radical; Absorption of 99% UVB radiation and 83% UVA radiation. |
NLCs: amaranth oil; pumpkin seed oil; 7% UVA filter; diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate; 7% UVB filter; ethylhexyl salicylate; and 3% hesperidin. NLCs-Carbol gel (ratio 1:1) cosmetic formulation: final composition of 3.17% diethylamino-hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, 3.17% ethylhexyl salicylate; and 1.13% hesperidin |
Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
In vitro, hesperidin presented a burst pattern with an accelerated release from the NLCs |
[91] |
| Citrus sinesis L. peel extract | 500–1000 mg of extract |
In vitro non-cellular assays |
In vitro inhibition activities of DPPH radical, elastase and collagenase. |
NLCs optimal formulation: cocoa butter/olive oil and 1000 mg extract Extract-NLCs cream: clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), nagarmotha (Cyperus scariosus), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), linseed (Linum usitatissium), wheat grains, cereals (Triticum aestivum), neem (Azadirachta indica), ethanol, stearic acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, glycerin, water, perfume |
Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
N/A | [3,92] |
| Commercial hesperidin |
N/A | In vivo trials: dermatological assessment, instrumental skin analysis and satisfaction survey |
High antioxidant activity; Absorption of UVA, HEV, and IR radiation; Skin barrier functions for protection; Reduction in erythema, skin irritability and visibility of telangiectasia. |
Cosmetic product containing hesperidin and SPF 50+ |
Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals |
N/A | [93] |
HaCaT—Adult Human Keratinocyte; HDFs—Human Dermal Fibroblasts; HEKs—Human Epidermal Keratinocytes; NLCs—Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; N/A—Non-Added.