Table 3.

Biological activities of commercial and orange peel’s hesperidin, related to skin’s hyperpigmentation and depigmentation conditions.

Hesperidin/ Extract Type	Hesperidin Levels Tested	Testing Model	Main Biological Properties	Formulation	Potential Applications	Molecular Pathways/ Other Relevant Properties	Ref.
Citrus mitis blanco peel water extract	Fraction reach in hesperidin 0.5 mg/mL	In vitro non-cellular assays	Tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50 was 3.3 mg/mL).	N/A	Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals	N/A	[41]
Citrus peel extract	1–50 µg/mL	Melan-a cells	Antioxidant activity DPPH in a dose-dependent manner; Inhibition of tyrosinase activity; Decrease in melanin content in Melan-a in a dose-dependent manner.	N/A	Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals	Extract antioxidant activity was greater than vitamin C (control), at the same dosage; Melanogenesis inhibition through suppression of melanosome transport in melanocytes	[45]
C. unshiu peel-press cakes ethanolic extract	86 mg/g	B16F10 cells HaCaT cells	No cytotoxic effect on both cell types; Decrease in cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner.	N/A	Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals	Reduction in α-MSH-stimulated tyrosinase, MTIF protein, TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner	[66]
Commercial hesperidin	0.1–500 μM	B16F10 cells Neonatal Human Melanocytes	No cytotoxic effect up to 40 μM, on both cell types; Reduction in melanin content and tyrosinase activity, in a dose-dependent manner; Radical scavenging activity against DPPH.	N/A	Cosmetics/ Cosmeceuticals	Decrease in tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 proteins in a dose-dependent manner; Suppression of melanogenesis through MTIF downregulation and activation of Erk pathways	[81]

B16F10—Murine Melanoma Cell Line; Melan-a—Mouse Melanocyte Cell Line; HaCaT—Human Keratinocyte Cell Line; N/A—Non-Added.