Table 2.
Main applications of the steel sheets used for body panels and structural members; (*) grade not specified.
| Steel Group/Grade | Components | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| PHS | press hardened body parts | [147] |
| PHS | press hardened front and/or rear bumper beam | [148] |
| PHS | A- and B-pillars | [149] |
| PHS | transmission tunnel and the firewall (Volkswagen Passat) | [150] |
| PHS | B-pillar (Audi A8) | [151] |
| PHS | body panels (Dongfeng Voyah iFree) | [152] |
| PHS | press hardened door beams (Jaguar XJ40) | [153] |
| PHS | door beams (VW Polo) | [154] |
| PHS | press hardened bumper beam (Renault Safrane) | [148] |
| PHS | press hardened bumper beams (Volvo S80) | [155] |
| PHS | A-pillar (BMW series 3) | [156] |
| PHS | 3rd row seating support (Volvo V70) | [157] |
| PHS | front bumper beam, and the right/left A-pillars (Citroën C5) |
[149] |
| PHS | 2nd row seat frame (Volvo XC90) | [158] |
| PHS | “form fixture hardened” front and rear bumpers (Ford Mustang 5th generation) | [157] |
| PHS | tailor-rolled and press hardened components (Dodge Caliper, BMW X5) |
[159,160] |
| PHS | tailor welded B-pillar (Audi A4) | [161] |
| PHS | B-pillar reinforcement, A-pillar reinforcement, rear rail, tunnel reinforcement, upper B-pillar reinforcement (BMW 7 series 5th generation) | [162] |
| PHS | modular transverse platform (Volkswagen Golf, Audi A3) | [163] |
| PHS | swing doors in the front and two sliding rear doors (Ford B-Max) | [164] |
| PHS | A- and B-pillars, hinge pillar, and front portion of the rocker reinforcement (Honda Acura MDX, 3rd generation) | [165] |
| PHS | A-pillars (Honda Acura NSX) | [166] |
| PHS | a tailor rolled tube (Ford Focus fourth gen., Jeep Wrangler 4th generation) | [167] |
| PHS | A-pillar reinforcements (BMW E46 Cabrio, Citroën C5) | [156,168] |
| PHS | B-pillar reinforcements and roof rail (Peugeot 307) | [169] |
| PH1500 | B-pillar reinforcement (Chrysler Pacifica) | [170] |
| PHS1800 | bumper beam reinforcements (Mazda CX-5) | [171] |
| PHS2000 | hot stamped door ring (third generation Haval H6) | [172] |
| Boron steel (*) | B roof bow, rear seat frame (Volvo XC90) | [173] |
| MBW 1900 (PHS) | seat crossbeams (Volkswagen ID.3) | [174] |
| 22MnB5 | hot stamped B-pillars (Audi A5 Sportback, Volkswagen Tiguan) | [175] |
| PQS450 | front side members, B-pillar reinforcements, rear side members (Volvo XC90) | [158] |
| PQS450 | rear side member (Fiat Tipo) | [163] |
| PQS450 | laser-welded tailored rear side member (Fiat 500X) | [176] |
| PQS450 | B-Pillar (Jaguar I-Pace) | [176] |
| PQS550 | front door ring, B-pillar (Chrysler Pacifica, Chrysler RAM) | [177,178] |
| PQS550 | tailored B-pillar (Renault Scenic 3) | [179] |
| PQS550 + PHS1500 | patchwork B-pillar (Mercedes C-class) | [180] |
| HSLA | the energy absorbing components | [181] |
| Rephos (a phosphorus alloy high-strength steel) |
A-pillar upper, W-screen member (Volvo XC90) | [173] |
| TRIP steels | front longitudinal beams, A-pillar and B-pillar reinforcements | [96] |
| TRIP 350/600 | rail reinforcements, frame rails | [182] |
| TRIP 400/700 | crash box, side rails | [182] |
| TRIP 450/800 | roof rails, dash panels | [182] |
| TRIP 600/980 | engine cradle, roof rail, front and rear rails, B-pillar upper, seat frame | [182] |
| TRIP780 | bumper cross member, B-pillar reinforcement | [183] |
| MS steels (*) | front and rear bumpers, roof cross members, door beams | [123] |
| MS 950/1200 | bumper beams, cross members, side intrusion beams | [184] |
| MS 1150/1400 | bumper reinforcements, side intrusion beams | [184] |
| MS 1250/1500 | bumper reinforcements, side intrusion beams, bumper beams | [184] |
| CR1200Y1470T-MSteel | centre roof reinforcement (Lexus NX) | [185] |
| DP steels | seat guides, child seats, windshield pillars | [186] |
| DP steels | bumper reinforcements, car body panels | [86,90] |
| DP90 | rocker, B-pillar (Volvo XC90) | [175] |
| DP 300/500 | floor panel, door outer, roof outer | [187] |
| DP 350/600 | body side outer, fender, floor panel | [187] |
| DP 500/800 | rear rails, body side inner | [187] |
| DP 600/980 | floor panels, B-pillar, front sub-frame | [187] |
| DP 700/1000 | roof rails | [187] |
| DP 800/1180 | B-pillar upper | [187] |
| CP steels | tunnel stiffeners, pillar reinforcements, bumper beams, side beams, frame rails, rocker panels | [68,188] |
| FB steels | engine sub-frames, upper and lower control arms, seat cross members, longitudinal beams | [189] |
| IF steels | complex stampings, inner wheel arches, boot lid reinforcements | [79] |
| BH steels | doors, boot lids | [81] |
| TBF980 | structural reinforcements (Infiniti QX50) | [190] |
| TBF 1180—TRIP-assisted bainitic ferrite steel | A- and B-pillar reinforcements, side reinforcement, roof rail (Infiniti Q50) | [191] |
| TBF 1180 | A-pillar inner and reinforcements (Nissan Murano) | [192] |
| TBF 1180 | A- and B-pillar reinforcements (Nissan Maxima) | [193] |
| QP980 | front and rear floor assemblies (Ford Bronco) | [135] |
| QP980 | A-pillar inner lower, A-pillar inner upper, hinge pillar inner, kick down lower (General Motors vehicles) | [194] |
| TWIP | energy-absorbing elements and structurally responsible components with complex shapes | [99] |
| TWIP | A-pillar, B-pillar, crash box, bumper beam, dash lower reinforcement, tunnel, floor cross-members, door hinge reinforcement, wheelhouse, front side member, rear side member, door impact beam, shock absorber housings (i.e., General Motors, Daewoo, Ssangyong, Renault) | [195,196] |
| TWIP1000 | bumper beam (Fiat Nuova Panda) | [196] |
| TWIP 450/950 | bumper reinforcements (Jeep Renegade BU/520) | [197] |
| TWIP980 | sill side outer, A-pillar lower (Renault EOLAB concept) | [198] |
| stainless steel (*) | buses’ frames, side members, bumper beams, self-supporting body, panels, outer covering body, body panels, structural frameworks of buses and coaches | [199,200,201] |
| stainless steel (*) | energy absorbing components (Volvo) | [199] |
| stainless steel (*) | auto body components (Audi A6), bumper system and collision boxes (Saab), frame (Hyundai Mobis), fuel tanks (Volkswagen Beetle) | [199] |
| AISI 304, AISI 304L | fuel tanks | [202] |
| AISI 304, AISI 304L, AISI 321, AISI 3167, AISI 316L, ASTM S30415 | housings for turbochargers and catalytic converters | [202] |
| AISI 304, AISI 304L, ASTM S41050 | chassis for buses and trucks, structural components | [202] |
| AISI 304, AISI 304L, AISI 430, AISI 434, AISI 436 | door scuff plates, bumpers, headlight bezels | [202] |
| AISI 304L | automobile frames, A-pillar structural tubes, | [203] |
| AISI 304 | whole frame (Pininfarina Nido) | [199] |
| H400 stainless steel | rear and front side members, lower rear axle wishbone (Porsche Carrera GT) | [199] |
| Fe-15Cr-10Mn-0.35Ni-1.6Cu-0.12 stainless steel | bumper (Ashok Leyland) | [204] |
| AISI 304 | fuel tank (Fiat Barchetta) | [204] |
| Nitronic 30 (15Cr-1.5Ni-8Mn-0.18N) stainless steel |
urban bus frames (Autocinetics Inc.) | [205] |