Figure 1.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for (a–d) CNN trained from scratch, and (e–h) fine tuning VinDr-SpineXR CNN on each outcome. The optimal cutoff threshold point (Youden’s J statistic) is represented by a red point on each curve. Each model was trained independently for (a,e) pulmonary complications, (b,f) neurological complications, (c,g) sepsis, and (d,h) delirium.