Figure 1.

Mechanism of action of royal jelly in diabetes mellitus (DM), preclinical and clinical models [28,29,30,31,32]. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SOD: superoxide dismutase, IL-6: interlukin-6; MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; ApoB/ApoA-I: apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I; AdipoR1: adiponectin receptor-1; CAT: catalase; p-GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; p-AKT: phosphorylated Akt; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2.