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Treatment with royal jelly suppressed the rise of CD3+, CD5+, CD8+ and CD45+ T-cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF–α, and the expression of major inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and NF-κB) in the colon of rats with colitis. IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2.
