Table 3.

Common capacitor voltage balancing methods for multilevel inverters.

Balancing Method	Advantages	Drawbacks
Phase-shifted carrier PWM [20,55]	Simplicity in implementation Direct control over the modulation index	Limited balancing capability under unbalanced loads Higher complexities at higher number of levels
Nearest level control [56]	Straightforward to implement	May not achieve perfect voltage balance
Zero-sequence voltage injection [57]	Effective for balancing capacitor voltage	Additional complexity in control implementation
Selective harmonic elimination [58]	Balancing through harmonic injection	Higher complexities at higher number of levels
Model predictive control [59]	Capable of handling constraints and providing optimal control	High computational demands, not real time friendly
Fuzzy logic control [60]	Adaptive control based on fuzzy rules	Tuning complexity May require extensive parametrization
Auxiliary balancing circuit [32]	Providing higher output voltage quality at the inverter due to the reduced burden of capacitor voltage balancing	Increased device count and the overall volume of the system