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. 2024 Feb 2;24(3):987. doi: 10.3390/s24030987

Table 9.

An analysis of research conducted for non-contact body measurement applications.

Research Measurement Method Device Object Processing Animal Object Measurement Performance
Rodriguez Alvarez (2018) [7] Automatic measurement Kinect Depth image Cow Body condition score Accuracy: 78% within 0.25, Accuracy: 94% within 0.5
Nir et al. (2018) [2] Automatic measurement Kinect Depth image Cow Hip height, withers height Mean relative absolute error less than 1.17%
Zhang et al. (2019) [5] Automatic measurement Kinect Depth image Cow Measurement points on the backside Mean absolute error less than 1.17 cm
Weber et al. (2020) [1] Automatic measurement RGB camera 2D image Cow Feature points on the backside N/A
Kuzuhara et al. (2015) [24] Manual measurement Xtion pro Point cloud Cow Backside N/A
Salau et al. (2017) [25] Manual measurement Six Kinect Point cloud Cow Teat length, heights of the ischial tuberos Standard error range are 0.7∼1.5 mm, and 14.0∼22.5 mm
Le Cozler et al. (2019) [26] Manual measurement Five LiDAR sensors Point cloud Cow Volume and surface area Coefficients of variation were 0.17% and 3.12%
Song et al. (2019) [27] Automatic measurement Three Kinect Depth image Cow Vertebral column, centerline of the sacral ligament, hook bone center N/A
Ruchay et al. (2020) [28] Manual measurement Three Kinect Point cloud Cattle Withers height, hip height, chest depth, heart girth, ilium width, hip joint width, oblique body length, hip length, chest width With a 90% confidence level, measurement errors less than 3%
Our Automatic measurement RGB camera Point cloud Dairy Cow Height (stature), rump angle, rump width, front teat length Height (stature): mean absolute error, 0.7 cm
Rump Angle: mean absolute error, 0.61 cm
Rump Width: mean absolute error, 2.5 cm
Front teat length: mean absolute error, 0.79 cm