Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Control (n = 1696) |
Type 2 Diabetes (n = 502) |
Total (n = 2198) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 56.97 ± 9.09 | 61.47 ± 8.77 | 57.99 ± 9.21 | <0.001 |
| Gender (n, %) | ||||
| Male | 572 (33.7) | 200 (39.8) | 772 (35.3) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1124 (66.3) | 302 (60.2) | 1426 (64.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.35 ± 3.08 | 24.87 ± 3.28 | 24.47 ± 3.14 | 0.002 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.71 ± 17.79 | 140.97 ± 22.43 | 133.08 ± 19.44 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80.74 ± 9.74 | 80.93 ± 10.30 | 80.78 ± 9.87 | 0.661 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.34 ± 0.33 | 1.17 ± 0.32 | 1.30 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.65 ± 0.63 | 2.67 ± 0.72 | 2.65 ± 0.65 | 0.969 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.81 ± 0.94 | 4.64 ± 1.05 | 4.77 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.68 ± 1.26 | 2.05 ± 1.69 | 1.76 ± 1.38 | <0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 4.66 ± 0.63 | 8.41 ± 2.85 | 5.52 ± 2.15 | <0.001 |
| Magnesium, µg/L | 2803.77 (2088.50, 3114.37) | 1564.20 (983.14, 2459.84) | 2673.25 (1315.45, 3048.25) | <0.001 |
| Copper, µg/dL | 137.75 ± 40.23 | 113.95 ± 35.92 | 132.09 ± 40.63 | <0.001 |
| Zinc, µg/dL | 146.55 ± 83.84 | 124.52 ± 47.02 | 141.52 ± 77.54 | <0.001 |
| Chromium, µg/dL | 15.95 (6.77, 37.68) | 8.39 (2.56, 28.65) | 13.97 (5.80, 35.24) | <0.001 |
| Selenium, µg/dL | 17.90 (12.95, 24.59) | 13.83 (11.43, 19.54) | 16.81 (12.37, 23.08) | <0.001 |
| Manganese, µg/dL | 2.32 (1.45, 3.96) | 2.42 (1.40, 4.16) | 2.34 (1.45, 4.00) | 0.545 |
| Iron, µg/dL | 536.33 (398.60, 743.12) | 581.99 (428.57, 942.91) | 544.56 (403.56, 768.99) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviations, median (interquartile ranges), or count (%). The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the continuous variables. The χ2 test was used for comparing the categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; FBG, fasting blood glucose. p values were obtained from the comparisons between the control participants and type 2 diabetes patients.