Table 2.
Independent associations between serum minerals and type 2 diabetes.
| Serum Minerals | N (%) | Case (%) | Model 1 | Model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤544.6 | 1099 (50.0) | 228 (20.8) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >544.6 | 1099 (50.0) | 274 (24.9) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.55) | 1.24 (1.00, 1.52) |
| p | 0.020 | 0.047 | ||
| Magnesium, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤2673.2 | 1099 (50.0) | 401 (36.5) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >2673.2 | 1099 (50.0) | 101 (9.2) | 0.18 (0.14,0.22) | 0.18 (0.14,0.23) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Copper, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤132.1 | 1099 (50.0) | 371 (33.7) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >132.1 | 1099 (50.0) | 131 (11.9) | 0.27 (0.21, 0.33) | 0.29 (0.23, 0.37) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Zinc, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤136.7 | 1099 (50.0) | 343 (31.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >136.7 | 1099 (50.0) | 159 (14.5) | 0.37 (0.30, 0.46) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.52) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Chromium, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤14.0 | 1099 (50.0) | 299 (27.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >14.0 | 1099 (50.0) | 203 (18.5) | 0.61 (0.50, 0.74) | 0.66 (0.54, 0.82) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Selenium, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤16.8 | 1099 (50.0) | 340 (30.9) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >16.8 | 1099 (50.0) | 162 (14.6) | 0.39 (0.31, 0.48) | 0.44 (0.36, 0.55) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Manganese, µg/dL | ||||
| ≤2.3 | 1099 (50.0) | 241 (21.9) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| >2.3 | 1099 (50.0) | 261 (23.7) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) |
| p | 0.310 | 0.125 |
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) and p values were obtained from the logistic regression models. Model 1—crude model; Model 2—model further adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.