Table 2.
Statistical results of physiological measures and driving performance (mean ± standard deviation).
| Modalities | Measures | Low | Medium | High | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EEG | δ (μV2/Hz) | 3.36 ± 0.19 a | 4.55 ± 0.43 b | 3.83 ± 0.53 c | 5.103 | 0.010 |
| θ (μV2/Hz) | 2.15 ± 0.34 | 2.31 ± 0.61 | 3.78 ± 1.00 | 3.277 | 0.069 | |
| α (μV2/Hz) | 1.49 ± 0.21 | 2.48 ± 0.64 | 2.10 ± 0.51 | 2.259 | 0.138 | |
| β (μV2/Hz) | 1.42 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.34 | 2.27 ± 0.72 | 2.060 | 0.162 | |
| EOG | Pupil diameter (mm) | 3.53 ± 0.57 | 3.36 ± 0.79 | 3.61 ± 0.64 | 1.934 | 0.176 |
| Fixation distance (px) | 220.24 ± 69.31 a | 204.57 ± 71.96 ab | 175.98 ± 67.2 b | 5.425 | 0.015 | |
| Blink count (N/s) | 0.46 ± 0.28 | 0.80 ± 0.28 | 0.52 ± 0.28 | 1.353 | 0.269 | |
| Saccade count (N/s) | 4.05 ± 2.76 | 3.46 ± 2.60 | 3.50 ± 2.18 | 1.361 | 0.265 | |
| ECG | AVHR (bpm) | 79.50 ± 13.78 a | 89.07 ± 13.00 b | 89.18 ± 13.59 b | 3.77 | 0.030 |
| IBI (ms) | 706.22 ± 132.27 a | 676.37 ± 86.29 b | 636.18 ± 98.98 b | 2.11 | 0.133 | |
| SDNN (ms) | 282.70 ± 91.40 | 314.24 ± 78.10 | 419.42 ± 151.93 | 0.20 | 0.608 | |
| RMSSD (ms) | 40.13 ± 13.83 a | 54.58 ± 30.48 b | 76.61 ± 43.72 c | 8.86 | 0.002 | |
| pNN20 (%) | 0.62 ± 0.20 | 0.54 ± 0.17 | 0.53 ± 0.14 | 2.446 | 0.098 | |
| pNN50 (%) | 0.49 ± 0.27 a | 0.32 ± 0.12 b | 0.33 ± 0.18 b | 6.20 | 0.004 | |
| LF/HF | 4.88 ± 6.11 | 4.53 ± 2.86 | 5.12 ± 6.76 | 0.076 | 0.927 | |
| EDA | SCL (μS) | 4.49 ± 1.55 a | 6.57 ± 4.79 b | 5.39 ± 2.54 c | 4.272 | 0.020 |
| SCR (μS) | 0.14 ± 0.08 a | 0.20 ± 0.16 b | 0.14 ± 0.07 a | 3.710 | 0.032 | |
| Driving performance | Velocity (km/h) | 80.94 ± 3.38 a | 78.70 ± 3.46 b | 79.09 ± 3.78 b | 0.500 | 0.011 |
| SDoAPI | 0.23 ± 0.10 a | 0.18 ± 0.07 b | 0.17 ± 0.07 b | 10.151 | <0.001 | |
| RAoSWI (°) | 1.61 ± 0.32 a | 1.57 ± 0.23 a | 1.45 ± 0.23 b | 5.865 | 0.014 | |
| Lateral position (m) | 0.49 ± 0.12 a | 0.45 ± 0.13 ab | 0.42 ± 0.13 b | 7.730 | <0.001 |
Note: Values labelled with different superscript letters for groups in the same measures indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) as revealed by the Tukey test. Bold/underline indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).