Table 1.

Comparative overview of advantages and disadvantages of different vehicle as artificial cells.

Vehicle	Advantages	Limitations	Reference
Liposomes	- Various sizes with either single or multiple lipid bilayers, - Diversity of lipid compositions - Simple fabrication process - Active clinical research	- Potential complement activation and low cellular uptake - Insufficient drug loading and leakage - Premature drug release - Limited storage conditions	[88, 89]
Polymersomes	- More chemical stability lifetime than liposomes - Hydrophilic core and a hydrophobic bilayer allowing encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs - Functionality for targeted and stimuli-responsive (pH, redox, enzyme, ultrasound, magnetic field, light) drug delivery	- Residual organic solvent - Incompetent control of the early drug release - Cumbersome fabrication steps, and toxicity concerns	[90, 91]
Dendrimersomes	- Modifiable branches of dendrimers - Controllable size and monodispersity - High penetration into cell membranes	- High cost of productions - Improved quality control - Lack of clinical practice	[92]
Droplet-based artificial cells	- Simple and reproducible - Amenable to automation - Narrow size distribution - Large scale manufacturing - Small volumes	- Manufacturing and microfluidic skills required - Limitations in generating nano-sized structures	[93, 94]