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. 2024 Jan 15;8(2):267–281. doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02260-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a,b, Current trailing-edge marginality. c,d, Future trailing-edge marginality. e,f, Species newly experiencing marginal habitat. g,h, Species experiencing habitat loss. The left panels show the results under harsh climate change (GCM UKESM1-0-LL, SSP 5-8.5); the right panels show the results under mild climate change (GCM MPI-ESM1-2-HR, SSP 3-7.0).