Table 2.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria

(1) Adult patients aged 20–74 years in whom maxillary and mandibular growth was complete (2) Patients with one or more missing teeth who planned to receive dental implant treatment with bone grafting (3) Patients who did not smoke or smoked < 20 cigarettes per day (4) Patients who agreed to participate in the clinical trial and signed consent forms

Exclusion criteria

(1) Pregnant patients (2) Patients with uncontrolled systemic metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypertension) (3) Patients who continuously took medicines that may affect bone metabolism for 7 days or longer within the prior 6 months (e.g., bisphosphonates, corticosteroids) (4) Patients with uncontrolled gingivitis, periodontitis, or dental caries (5) Patients who received radiation therapy at the treatment site (6) Patients who required anticoagulants for uncontrolled bleeding disorders (7) Patients who were allergic to bone graft materials and implant materials (8) Patients who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day (9) Patients for whom researchers deemed that participation in the clinical trial was inappropriate as it may affect other ethical or clinical trial results