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. 2024 Jan 26;7:e46973. doi: 10.2196/46973

Table 2.

Participant characteristics.

Authors Population description Recruitment method Sample size, n Sample characteristics
Sardi et al [67] Physicians and nurses (app for puerperal women) Hospital NRa NR
Wiweko et al [28] Pregnant and nonpregnant people Clinic patients 205 NR
Chaudhry et al [16] Prenatal care coordination providers, social workers, and women Clinic patients 9

  • Age: 20-36 y

  • Ethnicity: African American (6/9, 67%); Hispanic (1/9, 11%); White (2/9, 22%)

  • Education: ≤high school (6/9, 67%); college (3/9, 33%)

  • Income: US $0-US $30,000/y
Meedya et al [63] Pregnant people News platform, paper flyers, and social media 7

  • Age: 29-37 y

  • Race or ethnicity: Asian; European; Middle Eastern; White

  • Education: NR

  • Income: >US $6000/mo
Bush et al [65] Pregnant people Grass roots referrals 85 NR
Shorey et al [58] Couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 250 (126/250, 50% [63 couples] received education support via app, whereas 124/250, 50% [62 couples] were in the control group)

  • Age: 26-42 y

  • Ethnicity: Chinese; Malay; other

  • Education: NR

  • Income: >SG $6000 (US $4367)/mo
Shorey and Ng [51] Couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 250 (126/250, 50% [63 couples] received education support via app, whereas 124/250, 50% [50] couples were in the control group)

  • Age: 26-42 y

  • Ethnicity: Chinese; Malay; other

  • Education: NR

  • Income: >SG $6000 (US $4367)/mo
Shorey et al [52] Couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 250 (126/250, 50% [63 couples] received education support via app, whereas 124/250, 50% [50] couples were in the control group)

  • Age: 26-42 y

  • Ethnicity: Chinese; Malay; other

  • Education: NR

  • Income: >SG $6000 (US $4367)/mo
Shorey et al [53] Couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 250 (126/250, 50% [63 couples] received education support via app, whereas 124/250, 50% [62 couples] were in the control group)

  • Age: 26-42 y

  • Ethnicity: Chinese; Malay; other

  • Education: NR

  • Income: >SG $6000 (US $4367)/mo
Shorey et al [54] Couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 250 (126/250, 50% [63 couples] received education support via app, whereas 124/250, 50% [62 couples] were in the control group)

  • Age: 26-42 y

  • Ethnicity: Chinese; Malay; other

  • Education: NR

  • Income: >SG $6000 (US $4367)/mo
Nasir et al [14] Parents (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 1042

  • Age

  • Mothers: 23-33 y

  • Fathers: 29-39 y

  • Ethnicity: Palestinian (refugees)

  • Education: NR

  • Income: US $0
Cawley et al [66] Postpartum mothers Mail 567

  • Age: 20-36 y

  • Race or ethnicity: Asian (74/567, 13%); Hispanic (46/567, 8%); White (360/567, 63%); other (87/567, 15%)

  • Education: ≤high school (82/567, 14%); college (482/567, 85%)

  • Income: US $0-US $70,000/y (276/567, 49%); >US $70,000-US $150,000/y (201/567, 35%)
Scott et al [57] Expecting couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 1426

  • Age

  • Mothers: 33-34 y

  • Fathers: NR

  • Race or ethnicity: African or Middle Eastern (64/1426, 4%); Asian (84/1426, 6%); Australia or New Zealand (724/1426, 51%); United Kingdom or Ireland (129/1426, 9%); other (72/1426, 5%)

  • Education: ≤high school (409/1426, 29%); college (663/1426, 46%)

  • Income: NR
White et al [59] Expecting couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 1426

  • Age

  • Mothers: 33-34 y

  • Fathers: NR

  • Race or ethnicity: African or Middle Eastern (64/1426, 4%); Asian (84/1426, 6%); Australia or New Zealand (724/1426, 51%); United Kingdom or Ireland (129/1426, 9%); other (72/1426, 5%)

  • Education: ≤high school (409/1426, 29%); college (663/1426, 46%)

  • Income: NR
White et al [60] Expecting couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 1426

  • Age

  • Mothers: 33-34 y

  • Fathers: NR

  • Race or ethnicity: African or Middle Eastern (64/1426, 4%); Asian (84/1426, 6%); Australia or New Zealand (724/1426, 51%); United Kingdom or Ireland (129/1426, 9%); other (72/1426, 5%)

  • Education: ≤high school (409/1426, 29%); college (663/1426, 46%)

  • Income: NR
White et al [61] Expecting couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 1426

  • Age

  • Mothers: 33-34 y

  • Fathers: NR

  • Race or ethnicity: African or Middle Eastern (64/1426, 4%); Asian (84/1426, 6%); Australia or New Zealand (724/1426, 51%); United Kingdom or Ireland (129/1426, 9%); other (72/1426, 5%)

  • Education: ≤high school (409/1426, 29%); college (663/1426, 46%)

  • Income: NR
White and Scott [62] Expecting couples (mothers and fathers) Clinic patients 1426

  • Age

  • Mothers: 33-34 y

  • Fathers: NR

  • Race or ethnicity: African or Middle Eastern (64/1426, 4%); Asian (84/1426, 6%); Australia or New Zealand (724/1426, 51%); United Kingdom or Ireland (129/1426, 9%); other (72/1426, 5%)

  • Education: ≤high school (409/1426, 29%); college (663/1426, 46%)

  • Income: NR
Kayastha et al [7] Men and women By referrals 71 NR
Mueller et al [8] Men and women By referrals 71 NR
Mueller et al [9] Men and women By referrals 71 NR
Dalton [64] Pregnant people Clinic patients 124

  • Age: 19-41 y

  • Ethnicity: Australian White (103/124, 83%); other (21/124, 17%)

  • Education: ≤high school (83/124, 67%); college (41/124, 33%)

  • Income: NR

aNR: not reported.