Table 2.
Distributions of pooled urinary EDC biomarkers and early-to-mid pregnancy (median 17 weeks gestation) plasma hormones (n = 302) (2015–2018).
| Biomarker | LOD (ng/mL) | % ≥ LOD | Median (25th, 75th percentile) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Phthalate/replacement | |||
| Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), ng/mL | 0.8 | 76.2 | 1.31 (0.85, 2.13) |
| Mono(2-ethyl5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 100.0 | 8.32 (6.07, 12.70) |
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 100.0 | 5.36 (3.61, 8.17) |
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), ng/mL | 0.2 | 100.0 | 3.99 (2.86, 6.32) |
| Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 96.4 | 1.28 (0.87, 1.91) |
| Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), ng/mL | 0.3 | 99.3 | 5.17 (2.55, 10.31) |
| Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), ng/mL | 1.2 | 100.0 | 26.72 (13.68, 47.38) |
| Monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP), ng/mL | 0.2 | 100.0 | 1.83 (1.35, 2.62) |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 100.0 | 12.67 (8.50, 17.17) |
| Mono-hydroxybutyl phthalate (MHBP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 90.1 | 1.20 (0.75, 1.82) |
| Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), ng/mL | 0.8 | 99.7 | 8.66 (5.75, 13.99) |
| Mono-hydroxy-isobutyl phthalate (MHiBP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 99.7 | 3.11 (2.13, 5.43) |
| Monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), ng/mL | 0.3 | 100.0 | 7.11 (4.59, 13.65) |
| Mono-isononyl phthalate (MiNP), ng/mL | 0.9 | 31.5 | 0.61 (<LOD, 1.08) |
| Monooxononyl phthalate (MONP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 100.0 | 2.63 (1.72, 4.63) |
| Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-monohydroxy isononyl ester (MHiNCH), ng/mL | 0.4 | 91.1 | 1.13 (0.69, 2.21) |
| Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxyoctyl) ester (MCOCH), ng/mL | 0.5 | 66.9 | 0.70 (<LOD, 1.20) |
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP), ng/mL | 0.4 | 100.0 | 8.21 (3.83, 20.26) |
| Mono(2-ethyl5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP), ng/mL | 0.2 | 100.0 | 59.56 (25.32, 138.29) |
| Paraben | |||
| Butyl paraben, ng/mL | 0.1 | 33.4 | <LOD (<LOD, 0.15) |
| Ethyl paraben, ng/mL | 1.0 | 57.0 | 1.37 (<LOD, 6.64) |
| Methyl paraben, ng/mL | 1.0 | 100.0 | 49.01 (19.30, 138.03) |
| Propyl paraben, ng/mL | 0.1 | 99.7 | 8.75 (2.31, 28.34) |
| Phenol | |||
| Bisphenol A (BPA), ng/mL | 0.2 | 96.7 | 0.85 (0.52, 1.46) |
| Bisphenol S (BPS), ng/mL | 0.1 | 99.0 | 0.48 (0.29, 0.80) |
| Bisphenol F (BPF), ng/mL | 0.2 | 57.0 | 0.29 (<LOD, 1.05) |
| Benzophenone 3 (BP-3), ng/mL | 0.4 | 99.7 | 117.44 (37.47, 293.71) |
| Triclosan (TCS), ng/mL | 1.7 | 92.1 | 8.67 (3.51, 56.28) |
| 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), ng/mL | 0.1 | 100.0 | 0.58 (0.36, 0.99) |
| 2,5-Dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), ng/mL | 0.1 | 99.7 | 1.40 (0.84, 3.28) |
| Other | |||
| Triclocarban, ng/mL | 0.1 | 29.8 | < LOD (<LOD, 0.14) |
| RR | % ≥ lower limit of RR | Median (25th, 75th percentile) | |
| Hormone | |||
| Progesterone, ng/mL | 0.20 – 40.00 | 100.0 | 28.30 (23.60, 32.90) |
| Estradiol, pg/mL | 20.00 – 2000.00 | 100.0 | 2745.00 (1983.30, 3830.00)* |
| Testosterone, ng/dL | 20.00 – 1600.00 | 87.29 | 46.50 (34.90, 66.70) |
| Free thyroxine (FT4), ng/dL | 0.30–0.60 | 100.0 | 0.93 (0.86, 0.99) |
| Total thyroxine (TT4), μ/dL | 1.00 – 24.00 | 100.0 | 8.94 (7.97, 9.89) |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), μU/mL | Up to 75.00 | 99.7 | 1.77 (1.16, 2.46) |
Specific gravity-adjusted EDC biomarker concentrations.
*
Values are outside of manufacturer’s reportable range because estradiol was diluted 10x prior to analysis and machine-read values were multiplied by 10. EDCs, endocrine disrupting chemicals; LOD, limit of detection; RR, reportable range.