Table 3.
Associations between urinary EDC biomarkers and sex-steroid hormones in I-KIDS women.
| Biomarkers | Progesterone |
Estradiol |
Testosterone |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All women (n = 295) | Carrying females (n = 151) | Carrying males (n = 144) | P int | All women (n = 295) | Carrying females (n = 150) | Carrying males (n = 145) | P int | All women (n = 250) | Carrying females (n = 128) | Carrying males (n = 122) | P int | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | %Δ (95 % CI) | ||||
| Phthalates & Replacements1 | ||||||||||||
| ΣDEHP | −0.03 (−0.44, 0.39) | −0.15 (−0.74, 0.45) | 0.09 (−0.48, 0.66) | 0.57 | −0.11 (−0.83, 0.61) | −0.35 (−1.38, 0.70) | 0.10 (−0.89, 1.10) | 0.54 | −0.65 (−1.49, 0.20) | −0.49 (−1.72, 0.76) | −0.79 (−1.93, 0.36) | 0.72 |
| MCPP | 0.02 (−0.36, 0.39) | 0.09 (−0.40, 0.59) | −0.09 (−0.67, 0.49) | 0.63 | −0.42 (−1.08, 0.24) | −0.49 (−1.36, 0.39) | −0.33 (−1.34, 0.69) | 0.82 | −0.64 (−1.42, 0.14) | −0.58 (−1.65, 0.51) | −0.71 (−1.84, 0.43) | 0.86 |
| MCNP | 0.05 (−0.42, 0.52) | −0.21 (−0.83, 0.41) | 0.40 (−0.31, 1.11) | 0.20 | −0.52 (−1.33, 0.29) | −0.20 (−1.28, 0.88) | −0.94 (−2.15, 0.30) | 0.38 | −0.11 (−1.12, 0.91) | 0.22 (−1.06, 1.52) | −0.65 (−2.26, 1.00) | 0.41 |
| MBzP | −0.04 (−0.31, 0.23) | −0.17 (−0.54, 0.20) | 0.10 (−0.29, 0.48) | 0.32 | −0.17 (−0.64, 0.30) | −0.38 (−1.03, 0.27) | 0.05 (−0.62, 0.72) | 0.36 | 0.01 (−0.54, 0.57) | −0.06 (−0.83, 0.73) | 0.08 (−0.70, 0.87) | 0.81 |
| MEP | 0.02 (−0.29, 0.33) | −0.24 (−0.67, 0.18) | 0.28 (−0.15, 0.71) | 0.08 | −0.35 (−0.88, 0.19) | −0.33 (−1.07, 0.42) | −0.36 (−1.10, 0.39) | 0.96 | 0.52 (−0.13, 1.18) | 0.71 (−0.16, 1.58) | 0.29 (−0.67, 1.25) | 0.51 |
| ΣDiNP | 0.08 (−0.24, 0.40) | 0.15 (−0.25, 0.56) | −0.04 (−0.57, 0.49) | 0.57 | −0.17 (−0.74, 0.39) | −0.36 (−1.07, 0.35) | 0.14 (−0.78, 1.07) | 0.40 | –0.23 (−0.91, 0.46) | −0.09 (−0.98, 0.80) | −0.41 (−1.46, 0.64) | 0.64 |
| ΣDBP | 0.03 (−0.41, 0.47) | −0.21 (−0.77, 0.34) | 0.38 (−0.28, 1.05) | 0.16 | −0.63 (−1.38, 0.13) | −0.74 (−1.70, 0.23) | −0.47 (−1.62, 0.68) | 0.72 | 0.11 (−0.78, 1.02) | 0.19 (−0.95, 1.35) | −0.01 (−1.39, 1.40) | 0.83 |
| ΣDiBP | −0.01 (−0.36, 0.34) | −0.14 (−0.58, 0.29) | 0.23 (−0.35, 0.83) | 0.31 | −0.49 (−1.08, 0.11) | −0.38 (−1.13, 0.38) | −0.67 (−1.63, 0.30) | 0.64 | 0.37 (−0.33, 1.08) | 0.32 (−0.55, 1.20) | 0.46 (−0.73, 1.67) | 0.85 |
| ΣDiNCH | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.30) | −0.19 (−0.59, 0.20) | 0.24 (−0.19, 0.68) | 0.14 | −0.07 (−0.58, 0.44) | −0.26 (−0.95, 0.44) | 0.16 (−0.59, 0.91) | 0.42 | 0.15 (−0.47, 0.77) | 0.06 (−0.81, 0.93) | 0.24 (−0.65, 1.14) | 0.77 |
| ΣDEHTP | −0.16 (−0.41, 0.09) | −0.38 (−0.73, −0.02)* | 0.04 (−0.30, 0.38) | 0.09 | −0.17 (−0.61, 0.27) | −0.06 (−0.69, 0.57) | −0.27 (−0.87, 0.33) | 0.63 | –0.14 (−0.67, 0.39) | 0.20 (−0.56, 0.97) | −0.45 (−1.16, 0.27) | 0.22 |
| Parabens | ||||||||||||
| Ethylparaben | −0.02 (−0.16, 0.12) | −0.08 (−0.28, 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.21) | 0.44 | −0.16 (−0.40, 0.09) | −0.06 (−0.41, 0.30) | −0.24 (−0.56, 0.08) | 0.44 | –0.09 (−0.37, 0.20) | −0.19 (−0.59, 0.22) | 0.00 (−0.38, 0.38) | 0.49 |
| Methylparaben | −0.13 (−0.35, 0.08) | −0.26 (−0.56, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.31, 0.31) | 0.23 | −0.03 (−0.41, 0.35) | 0.12 (−0.40, 0.64) | −0.19 (−0.74, 0.35) | 0.41 | –0.30 (−0.75, 0.16) | −0.23 (−0.85, 0.39) | −0.38 (−1.03, 0.28) | 0.75 |
| Propylparaben | −0.13 (−0.29, 0.02) | −0.17 (−0.40, 0.05) | −0.10 (−0.32, 0.12) | 0.64 | 0.05 (−0.23, 0.33) | 0.20 (−0.19, 0.60) | −0.11 (−0.49, 0.28) | 0.27 | –0.45 (−0.78, −0.11) | −0.49 (−0.96, −0.02)* | −0.40 (−0.87, 0.07) | 0.79 |
| Phenols | ||||||||||||
| BPA | −0.11 (−0.38, 0.15) | −0.13 (−0.43, 0.16) | −0.01 (−0.62, 0.61) | 0.72 | −0.12 (−0.58, 0.35) | 0.11 (−0.40, 0.63) | −1.11 (−2.16, −0.05)* | 0.04 | 0.24 (−0.29, 0.77) | 0.48 (−0.10, 1.06) | −0.98 (−2.26, 0.33) | 0.05 |
| BPS | −0.02 (−0.29, 0.25) | 0.11 (−0.3, 0.52) | −0.12 (−0.49, 0.25) | 0.41 | 0.07 (−0.40, 0.55) | 0.73 (0.02, 1.44)* | −0.46 (−1.09, 0.18) | 0.01 | –0.35 (−0.94, 0.25) | −0.49 (−1.39, 0.41) | −0.23 (−1.01, 0.55) | 0.67 |
| BP-3 | −0.01 (−0.18, 0.16) | −0.11 (−0.32, 0.10) | 0.17 (−0.11, 0.44) | 0.12 | −0.10 (−0.39, 0.19) | −0.08 (−0.45, 0.28) | −0.14 (−0.62, 0.35) | 0.86 | 0.13 (−0.21, 0.47) | 0.15 (−0.27, 0.58) | 0.08 (−0.49, 0.65) | 0.84 |
| TCS | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.20) | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.29) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.23) | 0.70 | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.31) | −0.03 (−0.41, 0.36) | 0.09 (−0.31, 0.49) | 0.67 | –0.36 (−0.69, −0.02) | −0.34 (−0.80, 0.11) | −0.37 (−0.86, 0.12) | 0.93 |
| 2,4-DCP | 0.17 (−0.17, 0.50) | 0.11 (−0.37, 0.58) | 0.22 (−0.24, 0.69) | 0.73 | −0.18 (−0.76, 0.41) | −0.09 (−0.92, 0.75) | −0.26 (−1.07, 0.55) | 0.77 | –0.73 (−1.40, −0.05) | −0.32 (−1.28, 0.64) | −1.11 (−2.03, −0.17)* | 0.25 |
| 2,5-DCP | 0.08 (−0.14, 0.30) | 0.02 (−0.32, 0.37) | 0.11 (−0.16, 0.39) | 0.68 | −0.22 (−0.61, 0.16) | −0.06 (−0.66, 0.54) | −0.32 (−0.80, 0.16) | 0.50 | –0.52 (−0.97, −0.07) | −0.36 (−1.06, 0.35) | −0.62 (−1.18, −0.06)* | 0.55 |
Data are presented as the percent change (%Δ) and 95% CI in plasma hormone concentrations with every 10% increase in chemical biomarker. All models account for educational attainment, age, diet quality, pre-pregnancy body mass index, perceived stress in early pregnancy, lifetime smoking status, parity, race/ethnicity, gestational age at plasma hormone assessment, and fetal sex. Linear regression models evaluated associations of individual chemical biomarkers with plasma hormones. Bold signifies potentially meaningful findings with asterisk
denoting statistically significant findings at P < 0.05.
ΣDEHP = (MEHP/278) + (MEHHP/ 294) + (MEOHP/292) + (MECPP/308); ΣDiNP = (MiNP/292) + (MCOP/322) + (MONP/306); ΣDBP = (MBP/222) + (MHBP/238); ΣDiBP = (MiBP/222) + (MHiBP/238); ΣDiNCH = (MHiNCH/ 314) + (MCOCH/328); and ΣDEHTP = (MEHHTP/294) + (MECPTP/308).
Abbreviations: BPA, bisphenol A; BPF, bisphenol F; BPS, bisphenol S; CI, confidence interval; EDCs, endocrine disrupting chemicals; ZDEHP, sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites; Pint, Pinteraction; ΣDEHTP, sum of di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate metabolites; ΣDiNP, sum of di-isononyl phthalate metabolites; ΣDiBP, sum of di-iso-butyl phthalate metabolites; ΣDiNCH, sum of di (isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites; TCS, triclosan; 2,4-DCP, 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP, 2,5-dichlorophenol.
Women missing covariates in progesterone and estradiol analyses (n = 5). Diet (n = 3), stress (n = 2).
Women missing covariates in testosterone analyses (n = 4). Diet (n = 2), stress (n = 2).