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. 2024 Feb 10;14:3433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53261-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic and description of BCI system. (a) System overview schematic of EEG-driven BCI system consisting of EEG signals as input and dual visual and vibrotactile sensory feedback. Electrophysiological activity is recorded using a 24-channel dry EEG headset connected to a PC laptop via Bluetooth. The PC uses BCI2000 for real-time signal processing (i.e., extrapolating frontal midline θ power changes) and command execution (i.e., initiating visual and tactile feedback in response to changes in frontal θ power). Visual feedback was delivered on an external monitor, and tactile feedback was delivered using the custom HVSA. (b) System set up with BCI system with vibrotactile feedback system enclosing the affected hand. (c) Overview of electrode configuration (Top-left) and vibrotactile neurofeedback. Increased F3 θ modulation (teal) during relevant phases of BCI therapy leads to vibrotactile feedback of the affected area (green). No modulation of θ or decreased modulation of θ leads to no vibrotactile feedback (red).