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. 2024 Feb 10;14:3433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53261-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vibrotactile BCI therapy decreases chronic pain symptoms. Individual patient outcomes: (a) PSS (N = 6, Wilcoxon signed-rank, median decrease 1.29 ± 0.25 MAD p = 0.03, q = 0.05) and (b) PIS (N = 6, Wilcoxon signed-rank, median decrease 1.79 ± 1.10 MAD p = 0.03, q = 0.05) significantly decreases after the BCI intervention duration. (c) Median BCI performance and VAS rating for all participants across the BCI therapy intervention duration. Across sessions, BCI performance improves while VAS pain rating decreases. The shaded region depicts the median absolute deviation (MAD). (d) The median baseline θ power over the course of BCI therapy at electrode location F3 across participants with either significant pain reduction or consistent BCI performance over the ROC calculated optimal threshold (n = 4). Topography plots show median θ power across all electrodes during the first week (upper) and fourth week (lower, where baseline F3 θ was highest). Data were z-scored to baseline θ power, with shaded regions representing MAD.