Table 1.

Comparison of markers and biological functions among different macrophage phenotypes

Phenotypes	Functions	Stimulator factors	Markers	Excretion	References
M1	Tumor resistance, pro-inflammatory, inhibit proliferation, eliminate pathogens	IFN-γ, LPS, GM-CSF, TNF-α, iNOS, ROS	IL-12 (high)/IL-10(low), CD80, CD86, CD60, MMPs, MHCII	CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23	³²
M2a	Allergy, profibrotic, cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, tumor progression	IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, (PPAR-γ)	CD11b, CD45, CD86, CD14, CD206, CD163, CD209, IL-1R, Dectin-1, YM1, RELMα, IGF1, DCIR, Stabilin 1, Factor XIII-A, Ly6C, TREM-2, DC-SIGN, MHCII, Fizz1, Arg-1, YM1/2	TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, VEGF, CCL1, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, TNF-α, IGF, EPGF	^32–35
M2b	Th2 activation, immunoregulation, inflammation, tumor progression	IL-1β, LPS, TLR	CD163, CD14, CD86, MHC-II, IL-10 (high), IL-12 (low), IL-6R	TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, CCL1, SPHK1, LIGHT	^32,35
M2c	Immunoregulation, inflammatory response, wound healing, fibrosis	IL-6, IL-10, glucocorticoids, TGF-β, TNF-α	CD163, CD206, CD14, CD16, CD86, CXCR4, MerTK, TLR-1、TLR-8	IL-10, TGF-β, CCL16, CCL18, CXCL13	^32,35
M2d	Tumor proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis, immune suppression	IL-6, TLR, Regadenoson, LPS	IL-10 (high), IL-12 (low), VEGF, TNF-α (low), CD163, CD14, CD86	IL-10, IL-6, TGF-β, VEGF, CCL18, M-CSF	³²