Figure 1.

Plots showing pooled adjusted hazard ratios of neurodevelopmental disorders according to pre-existing maternal and paternal cardiovascular diseases: singleton offspring live-born without major malformations in Sweden 1990 to 2019 and in British Columbia, Canada, 1992 to 2019. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ID, intellectual disability; NDD, neurodevelopmental disorder. The pooled hazard ratios represent the estimates combined by meta-analysing the pre-calculated hazard ratios and standard errors in the two countries. The hazard ratios were adjusted for child’s sex and birth year, and mother’s age at delivery, parity, education (Sweden only), region of birth, marital status/cohabitation with partner, smoking during early pregnancy (Sweden only), pre-gestational diabetes, pre-gestational hypertension and parental history of any neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders. The hazard ratios for paternal CVD were further adjusted for maternal CVD