Table 1.
Maternal and offspring characteristics according to maternal pre-existing cardiovascular diseases: singleton offspring live-born without major malformations in Sweden 1990 to 2019 and in British Columbia, Canada, 1992 to 2019
| Characteristic | Sweden |
British Columbia, Canada |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=2 699 675) | Maternal CVD |
Total (n=887 582) | Maternal CVD |
|||
| No (n=2 676 900) | Yes (n=22 775) | No (n=865 572) | Yes (n=22 010) | |||
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |
| Offspring characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 51.2 (1 380 754) | 51.1 (1 369 074) | 51.3 (11 680) | 50.9 (451 766) | 50.9 (440 502) | 51.2 (11 264) |
| Female | 48.8 (1 318 921) | 48.9 (1 307 826) | 48.7 (11 095) | 49.1 (435, 816) | 49.1 (425 070) | 48.8 (10 746) |
| Birth year | ||||||
| <1995 | 18.1 (489 118) | 18.2 (488 405) | 3.1 (713) | 12.2 (108 741) | 12.5 (107 788) | 4.3 (953) |
| 1995–99 | 14.6 (395 250) | 14.7 (394 033) | 5.3 (1217) | 18.0 (159 311) | 18.1 (156 830) | 11.3 (2481) |
| 2000–04 | 14.9 (403061) | 15.0 (400 913) | 9.4 (2148) | 16.8 (148 859) | 16.8 (145 651) | 14.6 (3208) |
| 2005–09 | 16.5 (446 162) | 16.5 (441 995) | 18.3 (4167) | 17.6 (155 860) | 17.5 (151 776) | 18.6 (4084) |
| 2010–14 | 17.9 (483 033) | 17.8 (476 523) | 28.6 (6510) | 17.8 (158 357) | 17.7 (153 264) | 23.1 (5093) |
| 2015–19 | 17.9 (483051) | 17.8 (475 031) | 35.2 (8020) | 17.6 (156 454) | 17.4 (150 263) | 28.1 (6191) |
| Preterm birth | ||||||
| No (37–44 weeks) | 95.7 (2 582 605) | 95.7 (2 561 143) | 94.2 (21462) | 95.1 (844 077) | 95.1 (823 450) | 93.7 (20 627) |
| Yes (<37 weeks) | 4.3 (117 070) | 4.3 (115 757) | 5.8 (1313) | 4.9 (43 505) | 4.9 (42 122) | 6.3 (1383) |
| Small for gestational age | ||||||
| No | 93.7 (2 530 487) | 93.7 (2 509 193) | 93.5 (21 294) | 97.0 (860 618) | 97.0 (839 184) | 97.4 (21 434) |
| Yes | 6.3 (169 188) | 6.3 (167 707) | 6.5 (1481) | 3.0 (26 964) | 3.0 (26 388) | 2.6 (576) |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | ||||||
| ≤19 | 1.0 (233) | 1.6 (43 648) | 1.1 (195) | 3.6 (31 689) | 3.6 (31 129) | 2.5 (560) |
| 20–24 | 11.5 (2609) | 14.6 (390 428) | 12.3 (2177) | 14.7 (130 718) | 14.8 (128 080) | 12.0 (2638) |
| 25–29 | 29.9 (6819) | 33.1 (886 069) | 29.1 (5164) | 29.1 (258 614) | 29.2 (252 909) | 25.9 (5705) |
| 30–34 | 33.3 (7592) | 32.5 (870 408) | 33.3 (5912) | 33.0 (292 339) | 32.9 (284 778) | 34.4 (7561) |
| ≥35 | 24.3 (5522) | 18.2 (486 347) | 24.2 (4289) | 19.6 (174 222) | 19.5 (168 676) | 25.2 (5546) |
| Parity | ||||||
| 1 | 42.9 (1 159 845) | 43.0 (1 151 123) | 38.3 (8722) | 46.3 (411 422) | 46.6 (402 965) | 38.4 (8457) |
| 2 | 37.1 (1 001 045) | 37.0 (992 255) | 38.6 (8790) | 36.2 (321 296) | 36.1 (312 816) | 38.5 (8480) |
| 3 | 14.0 (377 224) | 14.0 (373 717) | 15.4 (3507) | 12.2 (108 347) | 12.1 (104 920) | 15.6 (3427) |
| ≥4 | 6.0 (161 561) | 6.0 (159 805) | 7.7 (1756) | 5.2 (46 517) | 5.2 (44 871) | 7.5 (1646) |
| Region of birth | ||||||
| Sweden | 79.8 (2 154 173) | 79.7 (2 134 569) | 86.1 (19 604) | |||
| Other Nordic | 2.0 (54 112) | 2.0 (53 858) | 1.1 (254) | |||
| Non-Nordic | 18.2 (491 390) | 18.3 (488 473) | 12.8 (2917) | |||
| Region of birtha | ||||||
| Canada | 68.2 (605 499) | 67.8 (587 095) | 83.6 (18 404) | |||
| Asia | 22.7 (201 376) | 23.0 (199 166) | 10.0 (2210) | |||
| Europe | 5.2 (46 077) | 5.2 (45 232) | 3.8 (845) | |||
| Other | 3.9 (34 630) | 3.9 (34 079) | 2.5 (551) | |||
| Cohabitation with partner | ||||||
| Yes | 94.3 (2 545 600) | 94.3 (2 524 248) | 93.7 (21 352) | |||
| No | 5.7 (154 075) | 5.7 (152 652) | 6.3 (1423) | |||
| Marital statusa | ||||||
| Married | 73.2 (649 457) | 73.2 (634 042) | 70.0 (15 415) | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 19.2 (170 526) | 19.2 (165 922) | 20.9 (4604) | |||
| Never | 3.3 (29 316) | 3.3 (28 392) | 4.2 (924) | |||
| Other | 4.3 (38 283) | 4.3 (37 216) | 4.9 (1067) | |||
| Level of education (years)b | ||||||
| ≤9 | 8.7 (233 481) | 8.6 (231 537) | 8.5 (1944) | |||
| 10–11 | 16.9 (456953) | 17.0 (454 275) | 11.8 (2678) | |||
| 12 | 24.1 (651 634) | 24.1 (645 408) | 27.3 (6226) | |||
| 13–14 | 15.1 (407 096) | 15.1 (404 048) | 13.4 (3048) | |||
| ≥15 | 35.2 (950 511) | 35.2 (941 632) | 39.0 (8879) | |||
| Smoking in early pregnancyb | ||||||
| No | 88.7 (2 394 604) | 88.7 (2 373 861) | 91.1 (20 743) | |||
| Yes | 11.3 (305 071) | 11.3 (303 039) | 8.9 (2032) | |||
| Any neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders | ||||||
| None | 92.9 (2 507 947) | 93.0 (2 489 533) | 80.9 (18 414) | 91.2 (809 580) | 91.5 (792 203) | 79.0 (17 376) |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | 0.6 (16 465) | 0.6 (15 960) | 2.2 (505) | 0.3 (3010) | 0.3 (2796) | 1.0 (214) |
| Psychiatric disorders | 6.5 (175 251) | 6.4 (171 398) | 16.9 (3853) | 8.5 (74 992) | 8.2 (70 573) | 20.0 (4420) |
| Pre-gestational hypertension | ||||||
| No | 99.3 (2 681 809) | 99.4 (2 659 422) | 98.3 (22 387) | 93.4 (829 268) | 99.5 (861 254) | 99.3 (21 866) |
| Yes | 0.7 (17866) | 0.6 (17 478) | 1.7 (388) | 6.6 (58314) | 0.5 (4318) | 0.7 (144) |
| Pre-gestational diabetes | ||||||
| No | 99.6 (2 688 552) | 99.6 (2 665 957) | 99.2 (22 595) | 95.1 (844 483) | 93.7 (810 695) | 84.5 (18 601) |
| Yes | 0.4 (11 123) | 0.4 (10 943) | 0.8 (180) | 4.9 (43 099) | 6.3 (54 877) | 15.5 (3409) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease.
a
Mother’s region of birth and marital status were categorized differently in British Columbia, Canada.
b
Information on maternal education and smoking was not available in British Columbia, Canada.