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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 11.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2019 Dec 13;366(6471):eaay3038. doi: 10.1126/science.aay3038

Fig. 3. Effects of digital agriculture programs on yields.

Fig. 3.

Meta-analysis of effects of digital technologies on crop yields drawn from six studies that report yields [data from (46, 48–52)]. For the study by Udry (52), the outcome variable is harvest value. The upper portion of the figure shows the impact of mobile-based programs delivered directly to farmers. The lower portion shows the impact of digital programs with an in-person component. Weights are from a random effects analysis. ES, effect size as a percentage increase.