Table 2.

Secondary causes of low bone mass/fractures in children and young adults

Endocrine diseases	Medications
Cushing’s syndrome (ACTH, non-ACTH dependent)	Anticonvulsants
Diabetes mellitus	Aromatase inhibitors
GH deficiency	Chemotherapy
Hypercalciuria	Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
Hyperparathyroidism	Excess levothyroxine
Hyperprolactinaemia	Glucocorticoids
Hyperthyroidism	GnRH agonists
Hypogonadism (hypogonadotropic, hypergonadotropic)	Heparin
Hypophosphatasia	Immunosuppressants
Hypophosphataemia	Proton pump inhibitors
Vitamin D and/or calcium deficiency	SSRI
	Thiazolidinediones
Haematologic diseases	Metabolic diseases
Bone marrow transplantation	Gaucher’s disease
Haemophilia	Glycogen storage disease
Hereditary haemochromatosis	Homocystinuria
Leukaemia	Mucopolysaccharidoses
Lymphoma	Malnutrition/malabsorption
Mastocytosis	Anorexia nervosa
Multiple myeloma	Celiac disease
Thalassemia major	Gastrointestinal surgery
Chronic inflammatory diseases	Other
Inflammatory bowel disease	Alcoholism
Liver diseases	Cystic fibrosis
Lung diseases	Duchene muscular dystrophy
Kidney diseases	Excessive exercise
Rheumatic diseases	HIV
Skin diseases	Pregnancy and lactation

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH growth hormone, GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor