Table 3.
Factors associated with the bacterial isolation from the hands of housemaids (n = 225) in Jimma City, Ethiopia, 2022.
| Study variables | Category | Bacterial culture results from hands | Chi-square and p value | COR (95%CI) | Sig. | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | ||||||
| Age of housemaids | 18–24 years | 49 | 133 | χ2(df = 2) = 3.534 | 1.24 (0.571, 2.839) | ||
| 25–30 years | 9 | 25 | p = 0.1710 | 5.02 (0.029, 1.951) | |||
| ≥31 years | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Educational status | Cannot read and write | 1 | 6 | χ2(df = 2) = 1.835 | 9 (3.012, 12.002) | ||
| Primary school | 30 | 88 | p = 0.3990 | 0.84 (0.192, 11.219) | |||
| Secondary and above | 32 | 68 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Fingernail status | Not trimmed | 10 | 39 | χ2(df = 1) = 1.791 | 6.54 (1.424, 9.375) | 0.000 | 15.31 (10.372,22.595)** |
| Trimmed | 53 | 123 | p = 0.1810 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Frequently washing hands | No | 2 | 16 | χ2(df = 1) = 2.768 | 5.65 (2.196, 14.532) | ||
| Yes | 61 | 146 | p = 0.0960 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| How to wash hands | Water only | 22 | 8 | χ2(df = 1) = 0.133 | 6.96 (2.958, 16.369) | ||
| Water and soap | 53 | 124 | p = 0.7160 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Frequent HW with soap or other detergents | No | 3 | 2 | χ2(df = 1) = 2.216 | 6.00 (2.713,13.270) | ||
| Yes | 50 | 122 | p = 0.1370 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Follow five steps to wash hands the right way | No | 36 | 100 | χ2(df = 1) = 1.715 | 10.71 (2.500,5.861) | ||
| Yes | 25 | 46 | p = 0.1900 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Removing watch, ring, and bracelet during HW | No | 33 | 128 | χ2(df = 1) = 5.517 | 1.97 (0.820, 4.743) | 0.008 | 20.844 (2.190,9.842)* |
| Yes | 30 | 34 | p = 0.0190 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Washing hands for 20 s | No | 28 | 89 | χ2(df = 1) = 3.283 | 3.02 (1.388, 6.572) | ||
| Yes | 35 | 73 | p = 0.070 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
CI, Confidence interval; 1: for reference category; COR, Crude odd ratio; AOR, Adjusted odd ratio; HW, Handwashing. *p value < 0.05. **p value < 0.001.