Table 3.
Characteristic and major results of articles evaluating Ctn determinants.
| First author, year [ref] | Setting | Cases | Ctn assay | Determinants analyzed | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d’Herbomez, 2007 (10) | Subjects with no history of thyroid disease, no goiter at physical examination, no medication known to influence thyroid tests, with normal calcium levels. Ctn was measured with five assays | 287 (142 men, 145 women) | Five different immunoassays: A) immunoradiometric assay–human calcitonin (IRMAhCT) (CisBio International); B) CT on Advantage (Nichols Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA); C) CT on Immulite 2000 (DPC, La Garenne-Colombes, France); D) Calcitonin-ELISA 7024 (Biomerica, Newport Beach, CA, USA); E) CT-USA-IRMA, KIP0429 (Biosource, Nivelles, Belgium) |
Age, gender, BMI, smoking | Age was correlated with Ctn in four assays in male smokers. BMI was correlated with Ctn with four assays. For three assays, positive smoking status increased the interpretation threshold |
| Giovanella, 2012 (12) | Thyroid-healthy volunteers enrolled in local thyroid screening program. Ctn was measured with three different assays | 519 (246 men, 273 women) | Three different immunoassays: A) immunoradiometric (IRMA) method ELSA® -hCT (CIS Bio, Gif sur Yvette, France) [CIS]; B) chemiluminescent immunometric assay Immulite® 2000 XPi (Siemens Diagnostics, Milan, Italy) [Immulite]; C) immunometric assay LIAISON® CT-II (DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy) [LIAISON] |
Age, gender, smoking, and US-estimated thyroid volume | Men have higher Ctn than women. Thyroid volume is correlated with Ctn (but not for all Ctn assays) |
| Grani, 2012 (13) | Patients underwent FNAC and Ctn test | 1,073 (180 men, 893 women) | Immunochemiluminometric assay | Age, T-Ab, FNAC | No correlation between Ctn and the included parameters |
| Rosario, 2013 (14) | Three groups: patients with thyroid nodules evaluated before thyroidectomy, patients without nodules, athyreotic PTC patients with distant metastases | 1,137 (487 men, 650 women) divided into three unmatched groups | Immunochemiluminescence assay (Immulite, Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) | PTC, Hashimoto/T-Ab, smoking | No correlations between Ctn and the included parameters |
| Guesgen, 2013 (15) | Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis or nodular goiter or thyroid disease-free, using or not PPI | 493 (406 men, 87 women) divided into five unmatched groups | Immunoradiometric assay (Calcitonin IRMA magnum, MEDIPAN) | Gender, autoimmune thyroiditis, nodular goiter, PPI | Men had significantly higher Ctn than women |
| Camacho, 2014 (16) | Normal individuals. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, nodular thyroid disease, differentiated thyroid cancer (free of disease), or chronic renal failure |
178 normal individuals (47 men, 131 women). 205 with autoimmune thyroiditis (44 men, 161 women). 248 with nodular thyroid disease (22 men, 226 women). 80 with differentiated thyroid cancer (11 men and 69 women). 58 with chronic renal failure (25 men, 33 women). |
Immunofluorometric assay | Gender, autoimmune thyroiditis, nodular thyroid disease, differentiated thyroid cancer, chronic renal failure | Almost all cases with nodular disease and autoimmune thyroiditis had Ctn below normal cut-off. Patients with chronic renal failure had Ctn above the cut-off of normality for men (≈4%) and for women (≈6%). Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer had normal Ctn. |
| Daniels, 2015 (17) | People with type 2 diabetes at cardiovascular risk | 9,340 (6,003 men, 3,337 women) | Chemiluminescent immunometric assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Malvern, PA, USA) | Gender, age, race, thyroid disease, PPI, thyroiditis, smoking, BMI, HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, H2 receptor antagonists, eGFR, diabetes duration, β-blockers | Ctn was higher in men than women. Kidney function, smoking, and BMI were associated with higher Ctn. The data about smoking seemed to be influenced by gender |
| Song, 2021 (18) | Adults with or without thyroid disease and have undergone thyroid US during clinical checkup | 10,566 (6,341 men, 4,225 women) | Immunoradiometric assay–human calcitonin (IRMA-hCT; CisBio International, Codolet, France) | Age, gender, BMI, smoking, kidney function, T-Ab | Men have higher Ctn than women. Smoking increases Ctn in men but not in women |
| Cvek, 2021 (19) | Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis compared to thyroid-healthy controls | 467 (34 men, 433 women) | Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) DIAsource ImmunoAssays (Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium, catalog number KIP0429) | Autoimmune thyroiditis, age, BSA | No influence of autoimmune thyroiditis on Ctn |
BSA, body surface area; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FNAC, fine-needle aspiration; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; T-Ab, anti-thyroid antibodies; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; US, ultrasound.