Table 3.

Intergroup difference test.

Variables	Variable classification	No intergenerational care	With intergenerational care	Difference in means	Pearson chi-square (value)	P
Depression				0.75***
Age				4.06***
Social activities	No social activities	29.14%	20.08%		30.21	0.00
	With social activities	26.89%	23.90%
Gender	Female	27.95%	20.80%		5.02	0.03
	Male	28.07%	23.17%
Education level	Not receiving education	15.83%	9.88%		110.27	0.00
	Primary education	27.15%	17.37%
	Secondary education	10.74%	12.77%
	Higher education	2.31%	1.96%
Marital status	No spouse	12.05%	5.39%		111.40	0.00
	With spouse	43.97%	38.59%
Living arrangements	Not living with children	40.44%	26.15%		135.96	0.00
	Living with children	15.58%	17.82%
Financial support from son to father	No financial support	20.25%	16.36%		0.92	0.34
	With financial support	35.78%	27.61%
Financial support from father to son	No financial support	39.48%	29.79%		6.56	0.01
	With financial support	16.55%	14.19%
Satisfaction with relationship with children	Unsatisfied	2.57%	1.90%		0.32	0.57
	Satisfied	53.46%	42.08%
Health satisfaction	Unsatisfied	15.36%	11.16%		4.00	0.05
	Satisfied	40.67%	32.82%

Data source: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Wave 4 (2018). Standard errors in parentheses, *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; the t-test is used to test the intergroup differences between depression and age, while the rest are chi-square tests.