Table 4.

Studies presenting data for the effectiveness of personal protection measures to prevent tick-borne disease in the United States.

Study area	Predominance of tick-borne diseases associated with Ixodes versus Amblyomma or Dermacentor species in study area	Personal protection measure included in the study					Reference
		Untreated protective clothing	Repellents for skin and clothing	Permethrin-treated clothing	Tick checks	Showering/bathing after coming indoors
Northeastern U.S.	Ixodes	X	X		X	X	Klein et al. (1996)
California	Ixodes	X					Lane et al. (1992)
California	Ixodes	X	X		X		Ley et al. (1995)
New Jersey	Ixodes		X				Schwartz and Goldstein (1990)
Connecticut	Ixodes	X	X		X		Vázquez et al. (2008)
Connecticut	Ixodes	X	X	X	X	X	Connally et al. (2009)
Maryland	Ixodes	X	X		X		Armstrong et al. (2001)
Massachusetts	Ixodes	X	X		X		Phillips et al. (2001)
New Jersey	Ixodes	X	X		X		Orloski et al. (1998)
New York	Ixodes	X	X		X		Smith et al. (1988)
Pennsylvania	Ixodes	X	X		X		Smith et al. (2001)
Rhode Island	Ixodes	X	X		X		Finch et al. (2014)
Indianaa	Amblyomma/Dermacentor	X	X	Xb	X	X	Kianersi et al. (2020)

^aArguments could be made for placing Indiana in either the Ixodes or Amblyomma/Dermacentor grouping but the latter was chosen because cases of Ixodes-associated disease occur primarily in northernmost Indiana, whereas cases of disease associated with Amblyomma/Dermacentor occur more broadly throughout the state.

^bThe study included permethrin treatment of clothing but the questions were phrased so that answers also may have included treatment of clothing with skin/clothing repellents.