| glutamate dehydrogenase
(GDH) |
amino acid
catabolism, NADPH
production |
metabolic
diseases |
(36,186,187) |
| acetyl CoA synthetase
2
(ACS2) |
acetate metabolism |
liver diseases |
(38,188) |
| ornithine transcarbamoylase
(OTC) |
amino acid
catabolism, urea
cycle |
|
(39) |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) |
ketogenesis |
liver diseases |
(37) |
| long-chain
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
(LCAD) |
β-oxidation |
liver diseases, heart diseases |
(35) |
| NADH quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) |
OXPHOS |
kidney diseases, heart diseases |
(29) |
| succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) |
OXPHOS |
|
(30,31,187) |
| isocitrate dehydrogenase
2 (IDH2) |
TCA cycle,
NADPH production |
hearing
loss |
(36,130) |
| manganese
superoxide dismutase
(MnSOD or SOD2) |
redox
balance |
metabolic
diseases, age-related
diseases, heart diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s
disease, stroke, TBI |
(43,46,164,166,170,182,185) |
| cyclophilin D (CypD) |
apoptosis, glycolysis, improving
mitochondrial functions |
kidney diseases, age-related
diseases, breast cancer, heart diseases, neuropathic pain |
(47,91,152) |
| prolyl hydroxylase
domain
(PHD) |
regulation
of HIF-1α
activity |
breast cancer |
(90) |
| pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
(PDC) |
inhibition
of glycolysis
and promotion of apoptosis |
lung cancer |
(79) |
| glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase
2 (GOT2) |
regulation
of glycolysis |
pancreatic
cancer |
(92) |
| glycogen synthase kinase
3β (GSK3β) |
induction of apoptosis |
HCC, ameliorates cardiac
fibrosis, kidney diseases |
(96,123) |
| p53 |
induction of apoptosis |
HCC, protection of cardiomyocytes,
kidney diseases |
(93,189) |
| serine
hydroxymethyltransferase
2 (SHMT2) |
carcinogenesis |
colorectal cancer |
(104) |
| acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) |
promotion of lipid metabolism
and cancer migration and invasion |
cervical squamous cell carcinoma |
(105) |
| pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) |
promote cell survival |
breast and lung cancer |
(106) |
| ATP5O, ATP5A1 |
contractile function of
the heart |
heart diseases |
(115) |
| forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) |
inhibition of mTOR and Rho/Rho-kinase
signaling, mitochondrial dynamics |
cardiac hypertrophy, kidney
diseases, Huntington’s disease, stroke, TBI |
(118−120,123,173,174,182,185) |
| nicotinamide
mononucleotide
adenylyltransferase 3 (NMNAT3) |
- |
promotion of antihypertrophic
effect |
(122) |
| signal transducer and activator
of transcription 3 (STAT3) |
inhibition of fibrosis caused
by STAT3-NFATc2 |
cardiac fibrosis |
(124) |
| Ku70 |
inhibition of apoptosis |
heart diseases |
(77) |
| nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) |
interaction with HSP90 |
age-related diseases |
(190) |
| perossisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) |
improving mitochondrial
biogenesis and energy generation |
kidney diseases |
(92) |
