Table 2.
Metabolic and mental health and physical fitness outcomes according to intervention and usual care group at baseline and one year post partum
| First GDM visit at 24-32 weeks gestational age, mean (SD) |
One year post partum, mean (SD) | Effect estimate* | |||||
| Intervention (n=105) |
Usual care (n=106) |
Intervention (n=84) |
Usual care (n=95) |
Between-group difference in means (95% CI) | P value† | P value‡ | |
| Metabolic health: | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 79.6 (13.3) | 80.3 (15.8) | 71.9 (14.6) | 72.9 (17.4) | −0.38 (−2.08 to 1.30) | 0.653 | 0.712 |
| Fat mass (BIA) (kg) | 31.9 (8.9) | 32.3 (9.7) | 26.2 (9.7) | 26.8 (11.3) | −0.25 (−1.54 to 1.04) | 0.703 | 0.706 |
| Fat-free mass (BIA) (kg) | 47.4 (5.7) | 48.1 (6.9) | 45.7 (5.7) | 45.4 (6.7) | 0.53 (−0.31 to 1.38) | 0.217 | 0.041 |
| Fat mass (DXA) (kg) | — | — | 27.9 (10.8) | 27.8 (12.2) | −0.22 (−4.6 to 4.2) | 0.920 | 0.851 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (DXA) (kg) | — | — | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.08 (–0.09 to 0.25) | 0.327 | 0.493 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.6) | −0.09 (–0.26 to 0.08) | 0.301 | NA |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.0 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.2) | 0.02 (–0.05 to 0.09) | 0.581 | 0.568 |
| Two hour glucose (mmol/L) | — | — | 5.9 (1.9) | 5.9 (1.4) | 0.09 (–0.53 to 0.55) | 0.974 | NA |
| HOMA-IR | 3.7 (1.9) | 3.6 (2.2) | 3.0 (1.9) | 3.4 (2.6) | −0.09 (–0.60 to 0.41) | 0.706 | NA |
| Matsuda | — | — | 4.9 (3.0) | 4.5 (2.6) | 0.47 (–0.58 to 1.53) | 0.373 | NA |
| Aerobic and muscular fitness: | |||||||
| Estimated VO2max§ (mLO2/kg/min) | 37.5 (9.1) | 40.3 (9.8) | 39.1 (7.8) | 39.4 (8.7) | 0.09 (–0.24 to 2.68) | 0.943 | — |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 56.9 (15.0) | 58.2 (13.9) | 60.3 (15.3) | 59.2 (14.6) | 0.37 (–2.92 to 3.68) | 0.882 | 0.891 |
| Mental health: | |||||||
| Depression symptoms (EPDS) | 7.5 (5.0) | 7.4 (4.6) | 5.5 (4.8) | 5.8 (3.6) | −0.67 (–1.84 to 0.49) | 0.254 | NA |
| Anxiety symptoms (HADS) | 5.9 (4.1) | 6.4 (3.8) | 5.1 (3.1) | 5.9 (3.0) | −0.98 (–2.06 to 0.90) | 0.072 | NA |
| Wellbeing (WHO-5) | 58.6 (17.7) | 56.5 (17.6) | 68.4 (16.7) | 65.4 (15.7) | 3.47 (–1.33 to 8.27) | 0.156 | 0.153 |
P values are based on linear regression estimates of the change between the first GDM visit and one year post partum. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation). Baseline corresponds to the first GDM visit. BIA=bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA=dual energy absorptiometry; EPDS=Edinburgh postnatal depression scale score; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; HADS=hospital anxiety and depression scale score; HOMA-IR=Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; NA=not applicable; WHO-5=World Health Organization-five wellbeing index
*Effect estimates are based on the differences in the change between the first GDM visit and one year post partum, except for DXA and Matsuda that were only measured at one year post partum.
†P value for effect estimate adjusted for gestational age at the first GDM visit (baseline), timing of the one year visit, and the baseline value of the outcome.
‡P value for effect estimate adjusted for gestational age at the first GDM visit (baseline), timing of the one year visit, maternal age, migrant status, and education level, baseline value of the outcome (if they were related to the outcome variable).
§VO2 max (maximal oxygen consumption), denotes the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can use during intense or maximal exercise.