Table 4.
Per protocol analysis: detailed metabolic and mental health outcomes according to intervention and usual care during pregnancy and at one year post partum
| Variable | Intervention (n=69), mean (SD) | Usual care (n=106), mean (SD) | Effect estimate | |
| Between-group difference, mean (95% CI) | P value | |||
| GWG since first GDM visit (kg) | 1.52 (6.4) | 3.07 (3.3) | –1.9 (–3.4 to –0.02) | 0.002 |
| Total GWG during pregnancy (kg) | 10.5 (8.4) | 12.5 (6.4) | –1.6 (–3.2 to –0.09) | 0.041 |
| Rate of weight gain per week (kg) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.35) | –0.16 (–0.25 to –0.05) | 0.003 |
| IOM recommendation for weight gain since the first GDM visit (kg) (n, %) | ||||
| Met recommendation | 2 (2.9) | 11 (10.4) | — | 0.040 |
| Below recommendation | 66 (95.7) | 91 (85.8) | — | — |
| Above recommendation | 1 (1.4) | 4 (3.8) | — | — |
| IOM's recommendation for total GWG (kg) for the entire pregnancy (n, %): | ||||
| Met recommendation | 25 (36.2) | 27 (25.5) | — | 0.144 |
| Below recommendation | 23 (33.3) | 32 (30.2) | — | — |
| Above recommendation | 21 (30.4) | 47 (44.3) | — | — |
| Weight retention (kg) | 2.3 (5.4) | 3.9 (6.0) | –1.4 (–3.2 to 0.50) | 0.149 |
| Weight retention status at one year post partum (yes/no) (n, %): | ||||
| No (≤0 kg) | 28 (43.8) | 20 (20.8) | — | 0.002 |
| Yes (≥0.1 kg) | 36 (56.3) | 76 (79.2) | — | — |
| Symptoms of depression at one year post partum (n, %): | ||||
| Subclinical symptoms (EPDS<11) | 56 (86.2) | 84 (86.6) | — | 0.556 |
| Probable diagnosis (EPDS≥11) | 9 (13.8) | 13 (13.4) | — | — |
P values for effect estimates are adjusted for age and gestational age at the first GDM visit (baseline), P values for categorical variables are derived from χ2 test. CI=confidence interval; EPDS=Edinburgh postnatal depression scale; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG=gestational weight gain; IOM=institute of Medicine