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. 2024 Feb 12;22:145. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-04952-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — HFHS diet causes hormonal imbalance and irregular estrous cycles in mice. A Measurement of serum testosterone (T) levels in serum of control and HFHS mice (control, n = 11; HFHS, n = 12). B Measurement of estradiol in serum of control and HFHS mice (control, n = 8; HFHS, n = 15). C Measurement of progesterone in serum of control and HFHS mice (control, n = 8; HFHS, n = 15). D Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of control and HFHS mice (control, n = 7; HFHS, n = 6). E Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels of control and HFHS mice (n = 7). F Ratio of LH/FSH of control and HFHS mice (control, n = 6; HFHS, n = 7). G Representative estrous cycles of control and HFHS mice. Vaginal cytology was assessed for 13 days. M, metestrus; D, diestrus; P, proestrus; E, estrus. H Quantitative analysis of estrous cycles in control and HFHS mice (control, n = 6; HFHS, n = 7). I The number of total intact cycles during the estrous assessment period (control, n = 15; HFHS, n = 14). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, ns = not statistically significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01