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. 2024 Feb 8;16(1):2310603. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2310603

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© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 4. — Alterations in the gut microbiota at different levels, including changes in SCFAs in fecal samples and hippocampal HDACs. a, b: genus. The relative abundance distribution and significantly changed bacteria among the sham + saline, CCI + saline, and CCI + (S)-ketamine groups are shown in table S2. c, d: species. The relative abundance distribution and significantly changed bacteria among the three groups, the statistical results are shown in table S3. e: SCFA levels in fecal samples from sham + saline, CCI + saline, and CCI + (S)-ketamine groups (acetic acid: F_{(2, 27)} = 1.117, p = 0.3420; propionic acid: F_{(2, 27)} = 0.9668, p = 0.031; isobutyric acid: F_{(2, 27)} = 2.455, p = 0.1048; butyric acid: H = 7.235, p = 0.027), isovaleric acid: H = 1.86, p = 0.394; valeric acid: H = 2.419, p = 0.298; caproic acid: H = 6.921, p = 0.031). f: the levels of HDAC1 in the hippocampus (one-way ANOVA: F _{(2, 15)} = 0.4738, p = 0.6316). N = 6/group. g: the levels of HDAC2 in the hippocampus. (one-way ANOVA: F _{(2, 27)} = 7.297, p = 0.003), N = 10/group. h: the levels of HDAC3 in the hippocampus. (one-way ANOVA: F _{(2, 27)} = 0.9130, p = 0.4134), N = 10/group. i: the levels of HDAC6 in the hippocampus. (one-way ANOVA: F _{(2, 27)} = 0.4249, p = 0.6581), N = 10/group. j: levels of HDAC8 in the hippocampus, N = 7/group. (Kruskal-Wallis test, H = 0.7644, p = 0.7016). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. HDAC, histone deacetylase.