TABLE 1.
Patient Characteristics by Strategies to Reduce Blood Culture Contamination in Intensive Care Units
| Baseline, 6 months, N = 3,399 | Intervention, 18 months, N = 9,878 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Arm 1 | Arm 2 | Arm 3 | P | Arm 1 | Arm 2 | Arm 3 | P |
| Admissions with ICU stay and blood draw set | 1,099 | 928 | 1,372 | … | 3,055 | 3,213 | 3,610 | … |
| Draws per patient, median (IQR) | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | .6 | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | .5 |
| Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR) | 15 (15) | 14 (15.5) | 15 (16) | .6 | 14 (13) | 14 (14) | 14 (14) | .9 |
| Length of ICU stay, days, median (IQR) | 8 (11) | 8 (10) | 8 (11) | .2 | 8 (10) | 8 (10) | 8 (10) | 1.0 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 64 (23) | 65 (22) | 63 (26) | .5 | 64 (23) | 65 (24) | 63 (24) | .5 |
| Female | 43.1 | 44.3 | 45.6 | .6 | 42.3 | 45.3 | 44.5 | .4 |
| Race | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| White | 73.0 | 75.1 | 67.1 | … | 73.9 | 74.5 | 66.9 | … |
| Black | 14.9 | 12.8 | 10.6 | … | 14.6 | 12.9 | 10.0 | … |
| Hispanic | 4.6 | 8.5 | 16.9 | … | 4.7 | 8.9 | 18.8 | … |
| Asian | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | … | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.6 | … |
| Other | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.5 | … | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | … |
| Unknown | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 | … | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | … |
| Insurance | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Medicare | 56.1 | 60.3 | 56.9 | … | 58.1 | 60.9 | 57.1 | … |
| Commercial | 23.0 | 19.4 | 19.3 | … | 20.7 | 18.1 | 18.9 | … |
| Medicaid | 11.0 | 13.1 | 13.7 | … | 10.7 | 11.0 | 11.5 | … |
| Self-pay | 5.9 | 4.3 | 5.2 | … | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.4 | … |
| Free care | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.8 | … | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.4 | … |
| Other | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.5 | … | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.2 | … |
| Unknown | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | … | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | … |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| COPD | 29.7 | 30.4 | 28.1 | .9 | 31.3 | 30.9 | 29.0 | .9 |
| Diabetes | 29.8 | 32.8 | 30.1 | .7 | 30.4 | 32.1 | 29.9 | .6 |
| Congestive heart failure | 30.5 | 34.4 | 28.1 | .4 | 30.7 | 31.8 | 29.2 | .9 |
| Renal failure | 22.9 | 25.4 | 24.1 | .8 | 25.0 | 26.8 | 24.4 | .8 |
| Myocardial infarction | 83.7 | 81.3 | 83.7 | .5 | 83.5 | 83.1 | 83.4 | 1.0 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.6 | 17.7 | 17.6 | .7 | 17.0 | 14.3 | 18.0 | .3 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 9.3 | 10.1 | 10.6 | .5 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 11.0 | .1 |
| Cancer | 10.3 | 11.1 | 10.2 | .8 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 11.7 | .3 |
| Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.0 | .9 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 7.1 | .9 |
| Liver failure | 6.8 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 3.6 | .4 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 4.0 | 4.5 | 3.4 | .7 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 1.0 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 1.7 | 3.0 | 3.1 | .1 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 | .03 |
| Dementia | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.6 | .3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | .6 |
| AIDS | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | .8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | .03 |
| Surgery during admission | 42.9 | 42.1 | 48.3 | .9 | 40.0 | 41.4 | 47.2 | .5 |
NOTE. All data shown are percentages, unless otherwise indicated. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range.