Figure 2.

Cephaeline induces upregulation of ROS levels and mitochondrial damage. (A) The ROS level was determined by DCFH-DA probe after treatment with cephaeline for 24 h. Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) The mitochondrial morphological changes were detected by transmission electron microscopy after treatment with cephaeline for 24 h. Scale bars, 500 nm. (C) The changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos probe after treatment with cephaeline for 24 h. Scale bars, 20 μm.