Table 1.
Effect of shift work on markers of fasting glucose and insulin and lipid profiles
| References | Study Design | Gender | Age | BMI, kg/m2 | Study Population | Plasma Glucose | Plasma Insulin | Lipid Profile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rizza et al. (38) | Cross-sectional study | M (62) F (100) |
44.1–40.3 | 24.2–25.9 | Day workers (DWs) vs. rotating night shift workers (rNWs) | ↔ Fasting glucose (DWs vs. rNWs) | ↔ Fasting insulin (DWs vs. rNWs) ↔ Fasting HOMA-IR (DWs vs. rNWs) |
↔ TG (DWs vs. rNWs) ↔ Total cholesterol (DWs vs. rNWs) ↔ HDL cholesterol (DWs vs. rNWs) ↔ LDL cholesterol (DWs vs. rNWs) |
| Ledda et al. (39) | Cross-sectional study | M (133) F (139) |
39–41 | 21–22 | Healthcare workers (nSWs) vs. healthcare shift workers (SWs) | ↑ Fasting glucose (nSWs vs. SWs) | ↑ Fasting insulin (nSWs vs. SWs) ↑ Fasting HOMA-IR (nSWs vs. SWs) |
Not measured |
| Kiranmala et al. (40) | Cross-sectional study | M (26) F (14) |
29–30 | 23.7–24.4 | Nonshift workers (nSWs) vs. shift workers (SWs) | ↔ Fasting glucose (nSWs vs. SWs) | ↔ Fasting insulin (nSWs vs. SWs) ↔ Fasting HOMA-IR (nSWs vs. SWs) |
↔ TG (nSWs vs. SWs) ↔ Total cholesterol (nSWs vs. SWs) ↔ HDL cholesterol (nSWs vs. SWs) ↔ LDL cholesterol (nSWs vs. SWs) |
| Sharma et al. (41) | Randomized crossover study | M (2) F (10) |
25 ± 1 | 26.9 ± 1.0 | Day workers (DWs) vs. night workers (NWs) Participants assessed after working two consecutive 12 h shifts (either day or night), during their third 12 h shift period for either day or night shift study |
↔ Fasting glucose (DWs vs. NWs) | ↓ Fasting insulin (DWs vs. NWs) | Not measured |
| Schiavo-Cardozo et al. (42) | Cross-sectional study | F (24) | 20–40 | 25–29.9 | Day workers (DWs) vs. night workers (NWs) Day shift—business hours Night shift—7:00 PM to 7:00 AM |
↔ Fasting glucose (DWs vs. NWs) | ↔ Fasting insulin (DWs vs. NWs) ↔ HOMA-IR (DWs vs. NWs) |
↑ TG (DWs vs. NWs) ↔ Total cholesterol (DWs vs. NWs) ↔ HDL cholesterol (DWs vs. NWs) ↔ LDL cholesterol (DWs vs. NWs) |
| Padilha et al. (43) | Cross-sectional study | M (21) | 25–35 | NS | Day workers (DWs), early morning workers (EMWs), night workers (NWs) | Not measured | ↔ HOMA-IR | Not measured |
| Wehrens et al. (44) | Cross-sectional study | NS | 25–45 | 21.5–35.7 | Non shift workers (nSWs) vs. shift workers (SWs) | ↔ Fasting glucose (nSWs vs. SWs) | ↔ Fasting insulin (nSWs vs. SWs) | ↔ TAG (nSWs vs. SWs) ↔ NEFAs (nSWs vs. SWs) |
| Lund et al. (45) | Cross-sectional study | M (10) F (2) |
24–34 | NS | Shift workers: 7-day shifts: 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (DWs) 7-night shifts: 12:00 AM to 8:00 AM (NWs)Antarctic survey station |
↔ Fasting glucose (DWs vs. NWs) ↑ Postprandial glucose in after 9 days of shift work-improved when switched back to day shifts |
↔ Fasting Insulin (DWs vs. NWs) | ↔ NEFAs (DWs vs. SWs) ↑ Postprandial TAG and NEFA on the second day of night-shift work- remained elevated 2 days following the return to daytime working |
Values in parentheses in Gender column represent number of subjects. HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids; TAG, triacylglycerol; TG, triglycerides.