Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of food group intake and the prevalence of obesity, T2D, and HTN.

Food group intake (g/day)		Obesity			T2D			HTN
		Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Cereals and tubers
	T1 (50–183)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (184–317)	1.60*** (0.60–2.03)	2.19*** (1.34–3.56)	1.97** (1.18–3.28)	1.88*** (1.12–3.15)	3.07*** (1.66–5.66)	3.47* (1.32–9.17)	1.03* (0.65–1.64)	1.79* (0.98–3.25)	1.63NS (0.78–3.41)
	T3 (318–450)	3.31*** (1.75–6.26)	3.39*** (1.69–6.81)	2.95** (1.43–6.09)	3.61*** (1.77–7.36)	3.89*** (1.73–8.73)	2.09* (0.62–7.10)	2.45* (1.28–4.67)	2.59* (1.16–5.77)	1.41NS (0.51–3.92)
Meat, poultry, and seafoods
	T1 (26–100)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (101–175)	1.20** (0.76–1.96)	1.35NS (0.82–2.20)	1.31* (0.78–2.21)	0.97NS (0.56–1.66)	1.09NS (0.61–1.96)	1.47NS (0.60–3.58)	0.71* (0.44–1.15)	0.73NS (0.39–1.32)	0.72NS (0.34–1.51)
	T3 (176–250)	2.96** (1.95–3.54)	1.88NS (1.29–2.82)	1.76NS (1.12–2.58)	0.55NS (0.29–1.02)	0.69NS (0.34–1.39)	2.25NS (0.78–6.53)	0.49* (0.29–0.83)	0.58NS (0.29–1.13)	1.38NS (0.61–3.11)
Legumes
	T1 (0–56)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (57–113)	1.85NS (1.16–2.97)	2.19NS (1.31–3.65)	1.86* (1.09–3.17)	1.20NS (0.71–2.03)	1.52NS (0.85–2.72)	0.73NS (0.29–1.86)	0.77NS (0.49–1.21)	0.98NS (0.57–1.73)	0.57NS (0.27–1.19)
	T3 (114–170)	1.12NS (0.51–2.46)	1.03NS (0.44–2.44)	0.88* (0.36–2.14)	1.04NS (0.44–2.44)	0.68NS (0.27–1.71)	0.29NS (0.06–1.35)	1.32NS (0.68–2.56)	0.68NS (0.29–1.56)	0.79NS (0.28–2.26)
Vegetables
	T1 (0–184)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (185–368)	0.48** (0.29–0.79)	0.49** (0.29–0.85)	0.46* (0.26–0.79)	0.45* (0.25–0.82)	0.55* (0.29–1.05)	0.83* (0.32–2.14)	0.51* (0.31–0.85)	0.72NS (0.38–1.35)	1.11NS (0.51–2.41)
	T3 (369–552)	0.49** (0.30–0.86)	0.58** (0.34–0.99)	0.55* (0.31–0.96)	0.54* (0.31–0.94)	0.66* (0.35–1.23)	0.81* (0.29–2.23)	0.59* (0.36–0.96)	0.82NS (0.44–1.53)	1.37NS (0.59–3.14)
Fruits
	T1 (0–38)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (39–76)	0.75** (0.47–1.19)	0.97** (0.57–1.65)	0.85** (0.49–1.48)	0.69NS (0.39–1.22)	0.86NS (0.45–1.63)	0.69NS (0.39–1.22)	0.66** (0.40–1.07)	0.96** (0.51–1.81)	1.19* (0.55–2.64)
	T3 (77–114)	0.41** (0.25–0.70)	0.43** (0.25–0.75)	0.35** (0.19–0.64)	0.61NS (0.35–1.08)	0.61NS (0.33–1.14)	0.61NS (0.35–1.08)	0.45** (0.27–0.76)	0.38** (0.20–0.73)	0.45* (0.18–0.82)
UPFs
	T1 (0–40)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (41–80)	0.81NS (0.48–1.36)	1.28** (0.71–2.32)	1.26** (0.68–2.33)	0.64** (0.33–1.24)	1.56*** (0.71–3.43)	1.32* (0.43–4.05)	0.35** (0.20–0.62)	0.88** (0.43–1.83)	0.52NS (0.21–1.26)
	T3 (81–120)	1.26NS (0.78–2.04)	2.55** (1.43–4.55)	2.55** (1.39–4.69)	1.77** (1.02–3.06)	5.74*** (2.72–12.09)	3.71* (1.22–11.2)	0.84** (0.52–1.33)	3.02** (1.51–6.06)	1.23NS (0.51–2.99)
Fats and oils
	T1 (0–68)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (69–137)	1.69* (1.12–2.57)	2.80*** (1.71–4.56)	3.45** (2.03–5.85)	2.19*** (1.32–3.63)	5.35*** (2.76–10.4)	2.05** (1.27–3.31)	0.84NS (0.55–1.29)	1.85NS (1.04–3.30)	0.94NS (0.44–2.03)
	T3 (138–205)	1.70** (0.69–4.19)	5.83*** (1.74–9.5)	6.00** (4.05–7.83)	4.67*** (4.67–1.95)	12.3*** (3.52–41.1)	5.74** (2.00–16.5)	2.06NS (0.18–23.1)	2.97NS (0.24–36.8)	1.65NS (0.07–37.1)
Sugars
	T1 (0–38)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (39–77)	1.93** (1.27–2.93)	1.76* (1.11–2.77)	1.74* (1.09–2.78)	1.42* (0.87–2.32)	1.44* (0.83–2.48)	1.37* (0.61–3.06)	1.10* (0.72–1.69)	1.04NS (0.60–1.80)	0.85NS (0.43–1.68)
	T3 (76–116)	1.91** (0.67–5.49)	1.75* (0.56–5.48)	2.19* (0.69–7.02)	4.39* (1.65–11.7)	4.06* (1.33–12.4)	6.79* (0.93–49.4)	4.00* (1.59–10.1)	4.35NS (1.24–15.3)	3.24NS (0.46–22.8)
Beverages
	T1 (0–50)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (51–100)	1.20NS (0.74–1.95)	1.24NS (0.69–2.21)	1.19NS (0.65–2.18)	1.38NS (0.77–2.46)	1.57NS (0.77–3.19)	2.01NS (0.72–5.59)	1.09NS (0.65–1.82)	1.12NS (0.56–2.25)	1.01NS (0.42–2.46)
	T3 (101–150)	0.82NS (0.50–1.35)	0.93NS (0.51–1.69)	0.85NS (0.45–1.59)	1.21NS (0.68–2.15)	1.50NS (0.73–3.11)	3.27NS (1.10–9.77)	1.29NS (0.79–2.10)	1.41NS (0.71–2.82)	1.91NS (0.79–4.62)
Seasonings
	T1 (0–18)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	T2 (19–36)	1.67NS (1.04–2.66)	1.52NS (0.93–2.50)	1.65NS (0.98–2.75)	4.60** (3.87–6.35)	6.82** (4.21–7.46)	1.13NS (0.78–1.64)	4.11** (2.27–7.41)	4.91** (2.49–9.93)	4.36** (1.90–9.99)
	T3 (37–54)	1.92NS (1.20–2.56)	1.30NS (0.73–1.86)	1.24NS (0.68–1.52)	5.93** (4.82–8.86)	8.55** (3.44–9.51)	1.37NS (0.81–1.90)	53.1** (5.56–58.1)	23.8** (14.4–38.5)	23.5** (1.33–28.3)

Data are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

T2D, type 2 diabetes; HTN, hypertension; T1, tertile 1 (range of low intake); T2, tertile 2 (range of medium intake); T3, tertile 3 (range of high intake); UPF, ultra-processed food.

Model 1 = unadjusted, crude odds ratios calculated from logistic regression models; Model 2 = multivariable-adjusted odds ratios calculated from logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age, and physical activity; Model 3 = fully adjusted model, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios calculated from logistic regression models adjusted for gender, age, physical activity, marital status, education level, employment status, monthly income, family size, residential area, and body mass index.

^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, NS, not significant.