Table 2.
Echocardiographic variables in survivors and non-survivors upon admission and follow-up
| Echocardiographic Variable | COVID-19 ARDS survivors (n = 56)a | COVID-19 ARDS non-survivors (n = 120) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission | Day 10 | p value | Admission | Day 10 | p value | |
| Age, years | 65.9 ± 1.5 | 67.4 ± 1.0 | ||||
| Sex, % | 39 (69.6%) | 80 (66.7%) | ||||
| APACHE II score | 16.2 ± 0.9 | 17.3 ± 0.7 | ||||
| SOFA score | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 8.05 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Right ventricle | ||||||
| RVEDA/LVEDA | 0.8 ± 0.05 (49) | 0.6 ± 0.03 (49)# | 0.001 | 0.81 ± 0.03 (78) | 0.89 ± 0.03 (78) | 0.864 |
| ACP | 12 (24.5) | 5 (10.2) | 0.073 | 21 (26.9) | 14 (17.9) | 0.850 |
| RVEDA, cm2 | 22.1 ± 0.6 (49) | 17.8 ± 0.8 (49)* | < 0.0001 | 23 ± 0.8 (78) | 24.4 ± 0.8 (78) | 0.097 |
| RVESA, cm2 | 14.1 ± 0.5 (49) | 10.3 ± 0.5 (49)# | < 0.0001 | 14.5 ± 0.6 (78) | 15.2 ± 0.8 (78) | 0.357 |
| RV FAC, % | 37.4 ± 1.6 (49) | 41.1 ± 1.9 (49) | 0.073 | 35.9 ± 1.6 (78) | 38.9 ± 1.7 (78) | 0.253 |
| RVEDVb, ml | 128.1 ± 13.9 (29)* | 92.8 ± 8.4 (29)* | 0.006 | 110.91 ± 6.02 (44) | 121.3 ± 6.17 (44) | 0.004 |
| RVESVb, ml | 82.4 ± 10.2 (29)* | 52.2 ± 5.3 (29)* | 0.002 | 67.6 ± 3.9 (44) | 73.6 ± 4.4 (44) | 0.127 |
| RVEFb (%) | 36.5 ± 2.9 (29) | 46.6 ± 2.1 (29)* | 0.001 | 38.8 ± 1.5 (44) | 39.1 ± 2 (44) | 0.916 |
| TAPSE, mm | 19.8 ± 0.6 (51) | 21.5 ± 0.5 (51) | 0.008 | 20.3 ± 0.6 (73) | 22 ± 2 (73) | 0.404 |
| RV S’, cm/sec | 16.8 ± 0.8 (53) | 19.9 ± 0.7 (53)# | 0.002 | 15.3 ± 0.6 (74) | 14.1 ± 0.5 (74) | 0.045 |
| RV IVA, m/sec2 | 3.98 ± 0.17 (53) | 4.1 ± 0.17 (53) | 0.318 | 3.66 ± 0.12 (74) | 3.77 ± 0.14 (74) | 0.260 |
| RV–LS, % | − 13.6 ± 0.7 (42) | − 16.7 ± 0.8 (42)# | 0.001 | − 14.3 ± 0.8 (64) | − 12.6 ± 0.5 (64) | 0.017 |
| VTIRVOT, cm | 17 ± 0.7 (41) | 19.4 ± 0.5 (41)# | 0.011 | 16.2 ± 0.5 (60) | 16.1 ± 0.4 (60) | 0.987 |
| PASP, mmHg | 36.1 ± 2.4 (43) | 20.1 ± 3 (43)# | < 0.0001 | 34.9 ± 1.8 (66) | 36.3 ± 1.1 (66) | 0.347 |
| PASP/VTILVOT, mmHg/cm | 2 ± 0.2 (43) | 0.9 ± 0.1 (43)# | < 0.0001 | 2 ± 0.2 (65) | 1.9 ± 0.1 (65) | 0.543 |
| PASP/VTIRVOT, mmHg/cm | 2.5 ± 1.4 (34) | 1.1 ± 0.7 (34)# | < 0.0001 | 2.5 ± 1.5 (57) | 2.4 ± 0.9 (57) | 0.445 |
| Pulmonary AcT, msec | 61 ± 2.5 (41) | 84.7 ± 2.4 (41)# | < 0.0001 | 66.8 ± 2.6 (60) | 62.6 ± 2.3 (60) | 0.096 |
| RVOT notch | 15 (23.4%) | 4 (6.3%) * | 0.033 | 21 (35%) | 13 (21.6%) | 0.321 |
| VACR, mm/mmHg | 0.80 ± 0.1 (43) | 1.5 ± 0.1 (43)# | < 0.0001 | 0.73 ± 0.07 (60) | 0.66 ± 0.08 (60) | 0.497 |
| Left ventricle | ||||||
| LVEDD, mm | 4.66 ± 0.1 (49) | 4.62 ± 0.1 (49) | 0.576 | 4.55 ± 0.06 (78) | 4.53 ± 0.06 (78) | 0.760 |
| IVS, mm | 0.9 ± 0.01 (49) | 0.92 ± 0.01 (78) | ||||
| LVEDA, cm2 | 27.2 ± 1.03 (49) | 27.1 ± 0.8 (49) | 0.917 | 29.2 ± 0.7 (78) | 27.9 ± 0.7 (78) | 0.097 |
| LVESA, cm2 | 17.4 ± 2.2 (49) | 15.9 ± 1.5 (49) | 0.555 | 16.3 ± 1.9 (78) | 12.8 ± 1.2 (78) | 0.357 |
| VTILVOT, cm | 19.9 ± 0.1 (49) | 21.8 ± 0.5 (49)* | 0.005 | 20.2 ± 0.7 (78) | 20.1 ± 0.5 (78) | 0.914 |
| LVEDV, ml (2D) | 81.5 ± 4.5 (49) | 85.9 ± 3.2 (49) | 0.441 | 85.5 ± 4.9 (78) | 80.7 ± 3.1 (78) | 0.361 |
| LVESV, ml (2D) | 30.1 ± 2.5 (49) | 32.1 ± 1.9 (49) | 0.535 | 35.4 ± 3.8 (78) | 32.5 ± 2 (78) | 0.409 |
| EF, % | 62.5 ± 2.6 (49) | 62.2 ± 2.8 (49) | 0.932 | 60.4 ± 2.3 (78) | 59.9 ± 1.7 (78) | 0,869 |
| SV, ml (Simpson’s) | 50.1 ± 3.1 (49) | 53.1 ± 2.7 (49) | 0.600 | 47.6 ± 3.2 (78) | 47.9 ± 2 (78) | 0.754 |
| LVEDV, ml (3D)b | 82.5 ± 3.6 (30) | 84.6 ± 2.8 (30) | 0.553 | 82 ± 3.6 (42) | 85.1 ± 3 (42) | 0.187 |
| LVESV, ml (3D)b | 32.1 ± 1.9 (30) | 34.5 ± 1.7 (30) | 0.266 | 35 ± 2.2 (42) | 35.3 ± 2 (42) | 0.857 |
| SV, ml (3D)b | 50.3 ± 2.5 (30) | 50.1 ± 2.5 (30) | 0.952 | 46.9 ± 2.2 (42) | 49.8 ± 2.1 (42) | 0.221 |
| EF (3D), %b | 61.1 ± 1.5 (30) | 58.6 ± 2.1 (30) | 0.356 | 57.4 ± 1.6 (42) | 58.4 ± 1.6 (42) | 0.869 |
| LV–LS, % | − 13.2 ± 0.8 (41) | − 17.4 ± 0.7 (41)# | < 0.0001 | − 12.5 ± 0.6 (58) | − 11.9 ± 0.5 (58) | 0.298 |
| LV S’, cm/s | 10.5 ± 0.8 (31) | 10.6 ± 0.8 (31) | 0.581 | 10.2 ± 0.6 (65) | 10.4 ± 0.6 (65) | 0.036 |
| Pericardial effusion | 17/56 (30.4%)* | 14/49 (28.6%)* | 1.000 | 53/120 (44.2%) | 39/78 (50%) | 1.000 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of means
A left ventricular late diastolic filling velocity with atrial contraction, ACP, acute cor pulmonale, E, left ventricular early diastolic peak velocity, E’, early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity, EF ejection fraction, LV–LS longitudinal strain of the left ventricle, IVA isovolumic acceleration, IVS interventricular septum, LVEDD left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume, LV s’ systolic tissue Doppler velocity measured at the lateral mitral annulus, PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure, PASP/VTIRVOT pulmonary artery systolic pressure to right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral ratio, RVEDA/LVEDA right ventricular end diastolic area to left ventricular end diastolic area, RVEDV right ventricular end diastolic volume, RVEF right ventricular ejection fraction, RVESV right ventricular end systolic volume, RVFAC right ventricular fractional area change, RV–LS right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain, RV S’ systolic tissue Doppler velocity measured at the lateral tricuspid annulus, RV SV right ventricular stroke volume, SV stroke volume, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, VACR right ventricular to pulmonary artery coupling, VTILVOT, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, VTIRVOT, right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral
aNumbers in parenthesis refer to the actual number of patients that the variable was measured
b3D measurements