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. 2024 Feb 12;14:25. doi: 10.1186/s13613-024-01241-1

Table 2.

Echocardiographic variables in survivors and non-survivors upon admission and follow-up

Echocardiographic Variable COVID-19 ARDS survivors (n = 56)a COVID-19 ARDS non-survivors (n = 120)
Admission Day 10 p value Admission Day 10 p value
Age, years 65.9 ± 1.5 67.4 ± 1.0
Sex, % 39 (69.6%) 80 (66.7%)
APACHE II score 16.2 ± 0.9 17.3 ± 0.7
SOFA score 7.5 ± 0.2 8.05 ± 0.2
Right ventricle
 RVEDA/LVEDA 0.8 ± 0.05 (49) 0.6 ± 0.03 (49)# 0.001 0.81 ± 0.03 (78) 0.89 ± 0.03 (78) 0.864
 ACP 12 (24.5) 5 (10.2) 0.073 21 (26.9) 14 (17.9) 0.850
 RVEDA, cm2 22.1 ± 0.6 (49) 17.8 ± 0.8 (49)*  < 0.0001 23 ± 0.8 (78) 24.4 ± 0.8 (78) 0.097
 RVESA, cm2 14.1 ± 0.5 (49) 10.3 ± 0.5 (49)#  < 0.0001 14.5 ± 0.6 (78) 15.2 ± 0.8 (78) 0.357
 RV FAC, % 37.4 ± 1.6 (49) 41.1 ± 1.9 (49) 0.073 35.9 ± 1.6 (78) 38.9 ± 1.7 (78) 0.253
 RVEDVb, ml 128.1 ± 13.9 (29)* 92.8 ± 8.4 (29)* 0.006 110.91 ± 6.02 (44) 121.3 ± 6.17 (44) 0.004
 RVESVb, ml 82.4 ± 10.2 (29)* 52.2 ± 5.3 (29)* 0.002 67.6 ± 3.9 (44) 73.6 ± 4.4 (44) 0.127
 RVEFb (%) 36.5 ± 2.9 (29) 46.6 ± 2.1 (29)* 0.001 38.8 ± 1.5 (44) 39.1 ± 2 (44) 0.916
 TAPSE, mm 19.8 ± 0.6 (51) 21.5 ± 0.5 (51) 0.008 20.3 ± 0.6 (73) 22 ± 2 (73) 0.404
 RV S’, cm/sec 16.8 ± 0.8 (53) 19.9 ± 0.7 (53)# 0.002 15.3 ± 0.6 (74) 14.1 ± 0.5 (74) 0.045
 RV IVA, m/sec2 3.98 ± 0.17 (53) 4.1 ± 0.17 (53) 0.318 3.66 ± 0.12 (74) 3.77 ± 0.14 (74) 0.260
 RV–LS, % − 13.6 ± 0.7 (42) − 16.7 ± 0.8 (42)# 0.001 − 14.3 ± 0.8 (64) − 12.6 ± 0.5 (64) 0.017
 VTIRVOT, cm 17 ± 0.7 (41) 19.4 ± 0.5 (41)# 0.011 16.2 ± 0.5 (60) 16.1 ± 0.4 (60) 0.987
 PASP, mmHg 36.1 ± 2.4 (43) 20.1 ± 3 (43)#  < 0.0001 34.9 ± 1.8 (66) 36.3 ± 1.1 (66) 0.347
 PASP/VTILVOT, mmHg/cm 2 ± 0.2 (43) 0.9 ± 0.1 (43)#  < 0.0001 2 ± 0.2 (65) 1.9 ± 0.1 (65) 0.543
 PASP/VTIRVOT, mmHg/cm 2.5 ± 1.4 (34) 1.1 ± 0.7 (34)#  < 0.0001 2.5 ± 1.5 (57) 2.4 ± 0.9 (57) 0.445
 Pulmonary AcT, msec 61 ± 2.5 (41) 84.7 ± 2.4 (41)#  < 0.0001 66.8 ± 2.6 (60) 62.6 ± 2.3 (60) 0.096
 RVOT notch 15 (23.4%) 4 (6.3%) * 0.033 21 (35%) 13 (21.6%) 0.321
 VACR, mm/mmHg 0.80 ± 0.1 (43) 1.5 ± 0.1 (43)#  < 0.0001 0.73 ± 0.07 (60) 0.66 ± 0.08 (60) 0.497
Left ventricle
 LVEDD, mm 4.66 ± 0.1 (49) 4.62 ± 0.1 (49) 0.576 4.55 ± 0.06 (78) 4.53 ± 0.06 (78) 0.760
 IVS, mm 0.9 ± 0.01 (49) 0.92 ± 0.01 (78)
 LVEDA, cm2 27.2 ± 1.03 (49) 27.1 ± 0.8 (49) 0.917 29.2 ± 0.7 (78) 27.9 ± 0.7 (78) 0.097
 LVESA, cm2 17.4 ± 2.2 (49) 15.9 ± 1.5 (49) 0.555 16.3 ± 1.9 (78) 12.8 ± 1.2 (78) 0.357
 VTILVOT, cm 19.9 ± 0.1 (49) 21.8 ± 0.5 (49)* 0.005 20.2 ± 0.7 (78) 20.1 ± 0.5 (78) 0.914
 LVEDV, ml (2D) 81.5 ± 4.5 (49) 85.9 ± 3.2 (49) 0.441 85.5 ± 4.9 (78) 80.7 ± 3.1 (78) 0.361
 LVESV, ml (2D) 30.1 ± 2.5 (49) 32.1 ± 1.9 (49) 0.535 35.4 ± 3.8 (78) 32.5 ± 2 (78) 0.409
 EF, % 62.5 ± 2.6 (49) 62.2 ± 2.8 (49) 0.932 60.4 ± 2.3 (78) 59.9 ± 1.7 (78) 0,869
 SV, ml (Simpson’s) 50.1 ± 3.1 (49) 53.1 ± 2.7 (49) 0.600 47.6 ± 3.2 (78) 47.9 ± 2 (78) 0.754
 LVEDV, ml (3D)b 82.5 ± 3.6 (30) 84.6 ± 2.8 (30) 0.553 82 ± 3.6 (42) 85.1 ± 3 (42) 0.187
 LVESV, ml (3D)b 32.1 ± 1.9 (30) 34.5 ± 1.7 (30) 0.266 35 ± 2.2 (42) 35.3 ± 2 (42) 0.857
 SV, ml (3D)b 50.3 ± 2.5 (30) 50.1 ± 2.5 (30) 0.952 46.9 ± 2.2 (42) 49.8 ± 2.1 (42) 0.221
 EF (3D), %b 61.1 ± 1.5 (30) 58.6 ± 2.1 (30) 0.356 57.4 ± 1.6 (42) 58.4 ± 1.6 (42) 0.869
 LV–LS, % − 13.2 ± 0.8 (41) − 17.4 ± 0.7 (41)# < 0.0001 − 12.5 ± 0.6 (58) − 11.9 ± 0.5 (58) 0.298
 LV S’, cm/s 10.5 ± 0.8 (31) 10.6 ± 0.8 (31) 0.581 10.2 ± 0.6 (65) 10.4 ± 0.6 (65) 0.036
 Pericardial effusion 17/56 (30.4%)* 14/49 (28.6%)* 1.000 53/120 (44.2%) 39/78 (50%) 1.000

Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of means

A left ventricular late diastolic filling velocity with atrial contraction, ACP, acute cor pulmonale, E, left ventricular early diastolic peak velocity, E’, early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity, EF ejection fraction, LV–LS longitudinal strain of the left ventricle, IVA isovolumic acceleration, IVS interventricular septum, LVEDD left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume, LV s’ systolic tissue Doppler velocity measured at the lateral mitral annulus, PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure, PASP/VTIRVOT pulmonary artery systolic pressure to right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral ratio, RVEDA/LVEDA right ventricular end diastolic area to left ventricular end diastolic area, RVEDV right ventricular end diastolic volume, RVEF right ventricular ejection fraction, RVESV right ventricular end systolic volume, RVFAC right ventricular fractional area change, RV–LS right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain, RV S’ systolic tissue Doppler velocity measured at the lateral tricuspid annulus, RV SV right ventricular stroke volume, SV stroke volume, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, VACR right ventricular to pulmonary artery coupling, VTILVOT, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, VTIRVOT, right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral

aNumbers in parenthesis refer to the actual number of patients that the variable was measured

b3D measurements