Table 2.
Overview of factors expressed or released by different macrophage populations that act on endothelial cells
| Factor | Expressed by | Vascular effects | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angiotensin II | Microglia | Capillary constriction | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy | [81] |
| FASL | Macrophages | Endothelial cell death | Inhibition of miR-30a in mouse retina | [83] |
| IGF1 | Microglia | Angiogenesis | Mouse model of oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy, crush-injured spinal cord in neonatal mice | [69] [66] |
| IL-1β | Microglia | Vascular activity changes mediated by endothelial IL1R1 | Mouse model of LPS preconditioning in ischemic spinal cord injury | [37, 84] |
| MIF | Monocyte-derived macrophages | Endothelial necroptosis and apoptosis | Mouse model of perioperative ischemic stroke | [67] |
| ROS | Microglia | Tight junction disruption | In vitro | [115] |
| PvMΦ |
BBB disruption Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation |
Mouse model of chronic hypertension Cerebral blood flow in the mouse cortex |
[107] [90] |
|
| TGFβ1 | Microglia | Modulation of vascular architecture, modulation of endothelial proliferation | Retina development; in vitro | [23, 124] |
| TNF | Microglia | Enhanced endothelial proliferation (TNFR2); endothelial necroptosis (TNFR1); tight junction disruption | In vitro | [124] [14] [115] |
| VEGF-A | PvMΦ | Induction of endothelial GLUT1 expression | High-fat diet | [57] |
| Microglia | Cerebrovascular injury | [73] | ||
| CAMs | BBB disruption | MCAO, hypoxia | [92, 110] |
FASL FAS ligand, IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1, MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion, MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor, ROS reactive oxygen species, TGFβ1 transforming growth factor β1, TNF tumour necrosis factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor